Circaea canadensis(L.) Hill

WFO wfo-0000605618 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA

Plate 1 figs. a–h · 8 separate observations

Circaea canadensis, photographed by Tiffany
fig. a Tiffany, CC0 1.0 / 2022-06-04 / obs. 203395475
Circaea canadensis, photographed by Henry "Nick" Robertson
fig. b Henry "Nick" Robertson, CC BY-SA 4.0 / obs. 197113495
Circaea canadensis, photographed by Eric Schmidt
fig. c Eric Schmidt, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 182486283
Circaea canadensis, photographed by Cecil Smith
fig. d Cecil Smith, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 158486874
Circaea canadensis, photographed by Bonnie Semmling
fig. e Bonnie Semmling, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 155285962
Circaea canadensis, photographed by Steven Lamonde
fig. f Steven Lamonde, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 155659306
Circaea canadensis, photographed by Mark Apgar
fig. g Mark Apgar, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 151087505
Circaea canadensis, photographed by Eric Schmidt
fig. h Eric Schmidt, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 165259059

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Native range 63 botanical countries

Regions where Circaea canadensis is native: Altay, Amur, Buryatiya, China North-Central, Chita, Inner Mongolia, Irkutsk, Japan, Kazakhstan, Khabarovsk, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Kuril Is., Manchuria, North Caucasus, Primorye, Sakhalin, West Siberia, Central European Russia, East European Russia, Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Prince Edward I., Québec, Rhode I., South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming AltayAmurBuryatiyaChina North-CentralChitaInner MongoliaIrkutskJapanKazakhstanKhabarovskKrasnoyarskManchuriaNorth CaucasusPrimoryeSakhalinWest SiberiaCentral European RussiaEast European RussiaAlabamaArkansasConnecticutGeorgiaIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineManitobaMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriNebraskaNew BrunswickNew HampshireNew JerseyNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaNova ScotiaOhioOklahomaOntarioPennsylvaniaPrince Edward I.QuébecSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeVermontVirginiaWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming KoreaDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaRhode I.
Native distribution of Circaea canadensis, after Kew’s World Checklist of Vascular Plants. Introduced, extinct and doubtful records are excluded, so this is where the plant is from, not everywhere it now grows. Regions too small to draw at this scale are marked with a dot.
RegionTDWG codeContinent
Alabama ALA NORTHERN AMERICA
Arkansas ARK
Connecticut CNT
Delaware DEL
District of Columbia WDC
Georgia GEO
Illinois ILL
Indiana INI
Iowa IOW
Kansas KAN
Kentucky KTY
Louisiana LOU
Maine MAI
Manitoba MAN
Maryland MRY
Massachusetts MAS
Michigan MIC
Minnesota MIN
Mississippi MSI
Missouri MSO
Nebraska NEB
New Brunswick NBR
New Hampshire NWH
New Jersey NWJ
New York NWY
North Carolina NCA
North Dakota NDA
Nova Scotia NSC
Ohio OHI
Oklahoma OKL
Ontario ONT
Pennsylvania PEN
Prince Edward I. PEI
Québec QUE
Rhode I. RHO
South Carolina SCA
South Dakota SDA
Tennessee TEN
Vermont VER
Virginia VRG
West Virginia WVA
Wisconsin WIS
Wyoming WYO
Altay ALT ASIA-TEMPERATE
Amur AMU
Buryatiya BRY
China North-Central CHN
Chita CTA
Inner Mongolia CHI
Irkutsk IRK
Japan JAP
Kazakhstan KAZ
Khabarovsk KHA
Korea KOR
Krasnoyarsk KRA
Kuril Is. KUR
Manchuria CHM
North Caucasus NCS
Primorye PRM
Sakhalin SAK
West Siberia WSB
Central European Russia RUC EUROPE
East European Russia RUE

Not drawn on the map: Kuril Is.. We hold no public-domain boundary for this region, so it is listed rather than guessed at.

Region boundaries approximated from Natural Earth (public domain) and mapped to TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) level-3 botanical countries (Brummitt 2001). Indicative, not the official WGSRPD geometry.

Flowering 1,246 in flower of 1,764 examined

Peak flowering in Jun. Each bar is the share of Circaea canadensis observations in which someone actually recorded the reproductive state and found the plant in flower, not the raw number of flowering records. That distinction matters: people observe plants far more in spring than in winter, so a bare count of flowering records partly measures when people go outside. Dividing by the number examined removes that. 1,246 of 1,764 examined observations were in flower, every one of them research grade. The whisker on each bar is a 95% Wilson interval. 3 months have fewer than 5 examined observations, so no proportion is drawn for them. This is still a global aggregate and not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres. Where a species has fewer than 30 flowering records we do not draw this chart at all. Computed from 10.15468/dl.cgje2x.

Also published as 13 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Circaea canadensis var. virginiana Fernald
  • Circaea latifolia Hill
  • Circaea lutetiana f. quadrisulcata Maxim.
  • Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus
  • Circaea lutetiana subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Asch. & Magnus
  • Circaea lutetiana var. canadensis L.
  • Circaea maximowiczii (H.Lév.) Hara
  • Circaea maximowiczii f. viridicalyx (H.Hara) Kitag.
  • Circaea maximowiczii var. viridicalyx H.Hara
  • Circaea mollis var. maximowiczii H.Lév.
  • Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav.
  • Circaea quadrisulcata subsp. canadensis (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
  • Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) H.Hara

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  3. Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16). native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form. CC BY 3.0. Retrieved 2026-06-04.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.