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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/zannichellia-palustris/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "zannichellia-palustris",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000770293",
    "inat_taxon_id": 79546
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Zannichellia palustris",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Zannichellia",
    "epithet": "palustris",
    "family": "Potamogetonaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 969 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:603593-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Horned Pondweed",
      "english": [
        "Horned Pondweed",
        "Horned pondweed",
        "horned pondweed",
        "horned-pondweed"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Algoides palustris",
        "authorship": "Lunell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pelta palustris",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dulac"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia aculeata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia brachystemon",
        "authorship": "J.Gay ex Reut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia clausii",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia cotheneti",
        "authorship": "P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia dentata",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia dentata subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "(Nolte ex Hampe) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia dentata subsp. pedicellata",
        "authorship": "(Rosén & Wahlenb.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia dentata subsp. polycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nolte ex Rchb.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia digyna",
        "authorship": "J.Gay ex Bréb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia echinata",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia geniculata",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia gibberosa",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia graminifolia",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia indica",
        "authorship": "Morong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia intermedia",
        "authorship": "Torr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia intermedia",
        "authorship": "Nielsen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia komarovii",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia laevis",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia lingulata",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia major",
        "authorship": "Boenn. ex Reichenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia major",
        "authorship": "Boenn. ex Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia marina",
        "authorship": "Nielsen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia maritima",
        "authorship": "Nolte ex Hampe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia maritima",
        "authorship": "Nolte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia maritima",
        "authorship": "E.H.L.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia melitensis",
        "authorship": "Brullo, Giusso & Lanfr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris prol. pedicellata",
        "authorship": "(Rosén & Wahlenb.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. aculeata",
        "authorship": "(Schur) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. dentata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. marina",
        "authorship": "(Nielsen) Holmboe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. pedicellata",
        "authorship": "Hegi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. pedunculata",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Murb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. polycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nolte) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. repens",
        "authorship": "(Boenn.) Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. rosenii",
        "authorship": "(Wallman) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subsp. tenuis",
        "authorship": "(Reut.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subvar. gibberosa",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subvar. gracilis",
        "authorship": "Hagstr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris subvar. polycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nolte) Prahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. aculeata",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. dentata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. ferganica",
        "authorship": "Drobow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. gibberosa",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. indica",
        "authorship": "(Morong) Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. japonica",
        "authorship": "Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. major",
        "authorship": "(Boenn. ex Rchb.) W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. major",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. minor",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. muricata",
        "authorship": "Morong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. palustris",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. pedicellata",
        "authorship": "Rosén & Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. pedunculata",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Bab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. pedunculata",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. radicans",
        "authorship": "Wallman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. repens",
        "authorship": "(Boenn.) W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. rosenii",
        "authorship": "(Wallman) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia palustris var. stipitata",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata",
        "authorship": "(Rosén & Wahlenb.) Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata f. gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Hagstr.) Printz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata subsp. cothenetii",
        "authorship": "P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata subsp. pedunculata",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata var. digyna",
        "authorship": "(J.Gay ex Bréb.) Bréb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata var. dimorphanthera",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata var. gibberosa",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata var. homoeanthera",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata var. marina",
        "authorship": "(Nielsen) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedicellata var. pedunculata",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedunculata",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedunculata var. maritima",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pedunculata var. stagnalis",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia polycarpa",
        "authorship": "Nolte ex Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia polycarpa",
        "authorship": "Nolte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia prodanii",
        "authorship": "Serb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia pumila",
        "authorship": "Le Gall"
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      {
        "name": "Zannichellia qinghaiensis",
        "authorship": "Y.D.Chen"
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      {
        "name": "Zannichellia radicans",
        "authorship": "Wallman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia repens",
        "authorship": "Boenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia repens var. aerea",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia repens var. viridis",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
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      {
        "name": "Zannichellia rosenii",
        "authorship": "Wallman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia rosenii",
        "authorship": "Wallman"
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      {
        "name": "Zannichellia stylaris",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia subulata",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia tenuis",
        "authorship": "Reut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Zannichellia variabilis",
        "authorship": "J.K.Fisch."
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zannichellia_palustris"
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      "NEP",
      "PAK",
      "WHM",
      "NSW",
      "NZN",
      "NZS",
      "SOA",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BAL",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ICE",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR",
      "ALA",
      "ASK",
      "ABT",
      "ARI",
      "ARK",
      "BRC",
      "CAL",
      "COL",
      "CNT",
      "DEL",
      "WDC",
      "FLA",
      "IDA",
      "ILL",
      "INI",
      "IOW",
      "KAN",
      "KTY",
      "LOU",
      "MAI",
      "MAN",
      "MRY",
      "MAS",
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXS",
      "MIC",
      "MIN",
      "MSI",
      "MSO",
      "MNT",
      "NEB",
      "NEV",
      "NBR",
      "NWH",
      "NWJ",
      "NWM",
      "NWY",
      "NFL",
      "NCA",
      "NDA",
      "NSC",
      "NUN",
      "OHI",
      "OKL",
      "ONT",
      "ORE",
      "PEN",
      "PEI",
      "QUE",
      "RHO",
      "SAS",
      "SDA",
      "TEN",
      "TEX",
      "UTA",
      "VER",
      "VRG",
      "WAS",
      "WVA",
      "WIS",
      "WYO",
      "YUK",
      "AGE",
      "AGW",
      "AGS",
      "BOL",
      "CLC",
      "CLM",
      "PER"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTA",
        "name": "Chita",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "GST",
        "name": "Gulf States",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAM",
        "name": "Kamchatka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KHA",
        "name": "Khabarovsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PRM",
        "name": "Primorye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHQ",
        "name": "Qinghai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAK",
        "name": "Sakhalin",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVA",
        "name": "Tuva",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NZN",
        "name": "New Zealand North",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "NZS",
        "name": "New Zealand South",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOA",
        "name": "South Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALA",
        "name": "Alabama",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ASK",
        "name": "Alaska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ABT",
        "name": "Alberta",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARK",
        "name": "Arkansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "COL",
        "name": "Colorado",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "DEL",
        "name": "Delaware",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WDC",
        "name": "District of Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IDA",
        "name": "Idaho",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KAN",
        "name": "Kansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAN",
        "name": "Manitoba",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSI",
        "name": "Mississippi",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MNT",
        "name": "Montana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEB",
        "name": "Nebraska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEV",
        "name": "Nevada",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NBR",
        "name": "New Brunswick",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NDA",
        "name": "North Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NSC",
        "name": "Nova Scotia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUN",
        "name": "Nunavut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SAS",
        "name": "Saskatchewan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "SDA",
        "name": "South Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "UTA",
        "name": "Utah",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WYO",
        "name": "Wyoming",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "YUK",
        "name": "Yukon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGS",
        "name": "Argentina South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLC",
        "name": "Chile Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 5,
    "n_annotated": 43,
    "sufficient": false,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 38,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        1,
        0,
        6,
        4,
        8,
        4,
        12,
        3,
        0,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        1,
        null,
        1,
        null,
        0.8571,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.6097,
          1
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.6756,
          1
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.6006,
          0.9599
        ],
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 5
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "hydrosubshrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 5 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/zannichellia-palustris/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}