{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/xenostegia-tridentata/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "xenostegia-tridentata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001299065",
    "inat_taxon_id": 348627
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Xenostegia tridentata",
    "authorship": "(L.) D.F.Austin & Staples",
    "genus": "Xenostegia",
    "epithet": "tridentata",
    "family": "Convolvulaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Brittonia 32: 533 (1980 publ. 1981)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:909844-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "African morningvine",
      "english": [
        "African morningvine"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Convolvulus angustifolius",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Desr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Convolvulus blumei",
        "authorship": "D.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Convolvulus filicaulis",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Convolvulus javanensis",
        "authorship": "Burm.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Convolvulus oligodontus",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Convolvulus simplex",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Convolvulus sonneratii",
        "authorship": "W.Wood"
      },
      {
        "name": "Convolvulus tridentatus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Evolvulus tridentatus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ipomoea angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ipomoea bidentata",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ipomoea blumei",
        "authorship": "(D.Dietr.) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ipomoea denticulata",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ipomoea filicaulis",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ipomoea hastata",
        "authorship": "Haines"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ipomoea laevigata",
        "authorship": "Sol. ex Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ipomoea tridentata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Roth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia alatipes",
        "authorship": "Dammer ex Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Hallier f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia angustifolia var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "Hallier f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia angustifolia var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Rendle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia hastata",
        "authorship": "Hallier f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia oligodonta",
        "authorship": "(Baker) Hallier f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia tridentata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Hallier f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia tridentata subsp. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Ooststr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia tridentata subsp. genuina",
        "authorship": "Ooststr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia tridentata subsp. hastata",
        "authorship": "Ooststr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia tridentata subsp. tridentata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Merremia tridentata var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Rendle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quamoclita denticulata",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tirtalia angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) A.Meeuse"
      },
      {
        "name": "Xenostegia tridentata subsp. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) A.Meeuse"
      },
      {
        "name": "Xenostegia tridentata subsp. hastata",
        "authorship": "(Desr.) P.H.Hô"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenostegia_tridentata"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 123,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY",
      "CC-BY-SA"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 205507200,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Haneesh K M",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/haneesh",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ab0266d8-d954-4f81-805e-781108f9f50e",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-11",
        "lat": 12.915,
        "lon": 77.47,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 892
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205507200/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205507200/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205507200/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205507200/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Haneesh K M, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204347766,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Haneesh K M",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/haneesh",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/edd94f3c-568e-453a-b8d2-6b9f72233352",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-06",
        "lat": 12.915,
        "lon": 77.47,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204347766/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204347766/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204347766/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204347766/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Haneesh K M, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 177900914,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Paulmathi Vinod",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/paulmathi",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5c833703-78b6-49e2-b975-27b7a6e82c5f",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-26",
        "lat": 8.453,
        "lon": 77.715,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/177900914/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/177900914/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/177900914/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/177900914/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Paulmathi Vinod, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 183702680,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "luluchouette",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/luluchouette",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/a4c2caf0-653f-4d66-a60d-388d48dcc678",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-24",
        "lat": 12.53,
        "lon": 99.51,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183702680/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183702680/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183702680/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183702680/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "luluchouette, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 175697797,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Licheng Shih",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/papilioshih",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/fc54f99d-6837-4f43-bbf8-65d006267ab3",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-07",
        "lat": 22.724,
        "lon": 120.674,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 684
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175697797/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175697797/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175697797/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175697797/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Licheng Shih, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 170044596,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Ong Jyh Seng",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ongzi",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/adc6ecd8-7827-40f6-ace8-6ac9b200bf3b",
        "observed_on": "2021-11-24",
        "lat": 2.732,
        "lon": 101.9,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/170044596/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/170044596/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/170044596/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/170044596/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Ong Jyh Seng, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 163262726,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Geetha Ramaswami",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/geetharamaswami",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/0ae2ec4d-cf68-4487-8e91-52b7cac7660f",
        "observed_on": "2021-10-13",
        "lat": 20.172,
        "lon": 85.688,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/163262726/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/163262726/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/163262726/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/163262726/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Geetha Ramaswami, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 161001428,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Paulmathi Vinod",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/paulmathi",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e873a5d3-caf5-4d4c-8b75-540c0179b2a1",
        "observed_on": "2021-10-02",
        "lat": 8.125,
        "lon": 77.374,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/161001428/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/161001428/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/161001428/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/161001428/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Paulmathi Vinod, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ANG",
      "BEN",
      "BOT",
      "BKN",
      "BUR",
      "CMN",
      "CPP",
      "CPV",
      "CAF",
      "CHA",
      "COM",
      "ZAI",
      "SWZ",
      "ETH",
      "OFS",
      "GAB",
      "GAM",
      "GHA",
      "GUI",
      "GGI",
      "IVO",
      "KEN",
      "NAT",
      "LBR",
      "MDG",
      "MLW",
      "MLI",
      "MOZ",
      "NAM",
      "NGA",
      "TVL",
      "RWA",
      "SEN",
      "SIE",
      "SOM",
      "SUD",
      "TAN",
      "TOG",
      "UGA",
      "ZAM",
      "ZIM",
      "CHC",
      "CHS",
      "CHH",
      "SAU",
      "TAI",
      "ASS",
      "BAN",
      "BOR",
      "CBD",
      "XMS",
      "IND",
      "JAW",
      "LAO",
      "LSI",
      "MLY",
      "MOL",
      "MYA",
      "NWG",
      "PHI",
      "SOL",
      "SRL",
      "SUL",
      "SUM",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "NTA",
      "QLD",
      "WAU",
      "CRL"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPV",
        "name": "Caprivi Strip",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "XMS",
        "name": "Christmas I.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 147,
    "n_annotated": 158,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      25,
      17,
      19,
      18,
      10,
      4,
      5,
      6,
      6,
      9,
      9,
      19
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      29,
      17,
      19,
      18,
      11,
      4,
      6,
      6,
      6,
      11,
      9,
      22
    ],
    "share": [
      0.8621,
      1,
      1,
      1,
      0.9091,
      null,
      0.8333,
      1,
      1,
      0.8182,
      1,
      0.8636
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.6944,
        0.945
      ],
      [
        0.8157,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.8318,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.8241,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.6226,
        0.9838
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.4365,
        0.9699
      ],
      [
        0.6097,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.6097,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.523,
        0.9486
      ],
      [
        0.7008,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.6666,
        0.9525
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 2,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "scrambling perennial",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/xenostegia-tridentata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}