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  "last_modified": "2026-06-10",
  "id": {
    "slug": "vigna-vexillata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000189665",
    "inat_taxon_id": 139251
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Vigna vexillata",
    "authorship": "(L.) A.Rich.",
    "genus": "Vigna",
    "epithet": "vexillata",
    "family": "Fabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 10: 191 (1845)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.legumedata.org/taxonomy/taxon/2452900",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "zombi pea",
      "english": [
        "zombi pea"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Dolichos angustifolius",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Vahl ex Guill. & Perr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos capensis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos cylindricus",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos plectrotropis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos stenophyllus",
        "authorship": "Gagnep."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos striatus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos vexillatus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus afer",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus alatus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus angustifolius",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus asperrimus",
        "authorship": "Schrank"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus capensis",
        "authorship": "sensu Thunb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus capensis",
        "authorship": "Thunb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus fusiformis",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus glycinaeformis",
        "authorship": "Weinm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus glyciniformis",
        "authorship": "Weinm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus humifusus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus novo-guineensis",
        "authorship": "Warb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus novoguineensis",
        "authorship": "Warb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pulniensis",
        "authorship": "Wight"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus quadrifarius",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus quadriflorus",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sepiarius",
        "authorship": "Dalzell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vexillatus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plectrotropis angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Schumach. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plectrotropis angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Schum. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plectrotropis hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Schumach. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plectrotropis striata",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Strophostyles capensis",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Strophostyles capensis var. lanceolata",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Strophostyles capensis var. longifolia",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Strophostyles capensis var. ovata",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Strophostyles capensis var. ovatus",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna capensis",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) Burtt Davy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna capensis",
        "authorship": "Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna carinalis",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna crinita",
        "authorship": "A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna davyi",
        "authorship": "Bolus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna dolichonema",
        "authorship": "Harms"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna dolichoneura",
        "authorship": "Harms"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna golungensis",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna hirta",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna phaseoloides",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna scabra",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna senegalensis",
        "authorship": "A.Chev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sepiaria",
        "authorship": "Crevost & Lemarié"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna thonningii",
        "authorship": "Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna tuberosa",
        "authorship": "A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna valetonii",
        "authorship": "Pulle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata f. angustifoliola",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata f. leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "Vatke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata f. typica",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata var. dolichonema",
        "authorship": "(Harms) Verdc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata var. hirta",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Baker f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata var. linearis",
        "authorship": "Craib"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata var. pluriflora",
        "authorship": "Franch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata var. thonningii",
        "authorship": "(Hook.f.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata var. tuberosa",
        "authorship": "(A.Rich.) Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna vexillata var. yunnanensis",
        "authorship": "Franch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna wightii",
        "authorship": "Benth. ex Bedd."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_vexillata"
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        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPI",
        "name": "Central American Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 123,
    "n_annotated": 125,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      17,
      8,
      11,
      9,
      7,
      5,
      4,
      4,
      14,
      13,
      19,
      12
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      18,
      8,
      11,
      9,
      7,
      5,
      4,
      4,
      14,
      13,
      19,
      13
    ],
    "share": [
      0.9444,
      1,
      1,
      1,
      1,
      1,
      null,
      null,
      1,
      1,
      1,
      0.9231
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.7424,
        0.9901
      ],
      [
        0.6756,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.7412,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.7008,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.6457,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.5655,
        1
      ],
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.7847,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.7719,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.8318,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.6669,
        0.9863
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 2,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "scrambling perennial",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 15.5,
      "median": 20.5,
      "p95": 26.7
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 58.7,
      "median": 233.4,
      "p95": 398.6
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 24.5,
      "median": 27.4,
      "p95": 34.1
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 2.7,
      "median": 12.3,
      "p95": 22.9
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 659.9,
      "median": 1053.8,
      "p95": 3494.4
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 27.7,
      "median": 63,
      "p95": 135.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 5.2,
      "median": 73.7,
      "p95": 306.8
    },
    "n": 734,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 734 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/vigna-vexillata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}