{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/vigna-unguiculata/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-10",
  "id": {
    "slug": "vigna-unguiculata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000189386",
    "inat_taxon_id": 122898
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Vigna unguiculata",
    "authorship": "(L.) Walp.",
    "genus": "Vigna",
    "epithet": "unguiculata",
    "family": "Fabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 779 (1843)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.legumedata.org/taxonomy/taxon/2452871",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "blackeyed pea",
      "english": [
        "blackeyed pea",
        "cowpea"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Clitoria alba",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos capitatus",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos catiang",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos catjang",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos catjang",
        "authorship": "Burm.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos cylindricus",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos decipiens",
        "authorship": "Burch. ex Harv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos didjre",
        "authorship": "Forssk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos echinatulus",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos hastaefolius",
        "authorship": "Schnizl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos hastatus",
        "authorship": "Lour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos hastifolius",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos hastifolius",
        "authorship": "Schnizl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos hispidus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos leucomelas",
        "authorship": "Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos lubia",
        "authorship": "Forssk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos melanophtalmus",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos melanophthalmus",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos monachalis",
        "authorship": "Brot."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos obliquifolius",
        "authorship": "Schnizl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos protractus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos sesquipedalis",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos sesquipedalis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos sinensis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos sinensis var. ater",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos sinensis var. elongatus",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos sinensis var. maculatus",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos sinensis var. rubiginosus",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos sphaerospermus",
        "authorship": "(L.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos subracemosus",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos tenuis",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos tranquebaricus",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos trilobus",
        "authorship": "Thunb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos unguiculata",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dolichos unguiculatus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Liebrechtsia scabra",
        "authorship": "De Wild."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus cylindricus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaerospermus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus unguiculatus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Piper"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scytalis catjang",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scytalis hispida",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scytalis protracta",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scytalis tenuis",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scytalis tenuis var. oblongata",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scytalis tenuis var. ovata",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna alba",
        "authorship": "(G.Don) Planch. ex Baker f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna angustifoliolata",
        "authorship": "Verdc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna asparaginea",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna baoulensis",
        "authorship": "A.Chev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna brachycalyx",
        "authorship": "Baker f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna brasilica",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna catjang",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna catjang",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna catjiang",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna coerulea",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna cylindrica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Skeels"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna dekindtiana",
        "authorship": "Harms"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna hastata",
        "authorship": "Blume ex Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna hispida",
        "authorship": "Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna huillensis",
        "authorship": "Welw. ex Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna inga",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna malosana",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna mensensis",
        "authorship": "Schweinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna monachalis",
        "authorship": "Endl. ex Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna oryzina",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna protracta",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna pubescens",
        "authorship": "R.Wilczek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna rhomboidea",
        "authorship": "Burtt Davy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna scabra",
        "authorship": "(De Wild.) De Wild. ex T.Durand & H.Durand"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna scabrida",
        "authorship": "Burtt Davy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna serotina",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sesquipedalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) F.Agcaoili"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sesquipedalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Fruwirth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Savi ex Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Savi ex Hausskn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis subsp. cylindrica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Van Eselt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis subsp. sesquipedalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Van Eselt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis subsp. sinensis",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis var. catjang",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis var. sesquipedalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Asch. & Schweinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis var. spontanea",
        "authorship": "Schweinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sinensis var. spontea",
        "authorship": "Schweinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna stenophylla",
        "authorship": "(Harv.) Burtt Davy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna sulphurea",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna tenuis",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) D.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna tonkinensis",
        "authorship": "(Bertoni) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna tranquebarica",
        "authorship": "D.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna triloba",
        "authorship": "Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna triloba var. stenophylla",
        "authorship": "Harv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata f. coronata",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subsp. catjang",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Verdc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana",
        "authorship": "sensu B.J.Pienaar, p.p."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subsp. mensensis",
        "authorship": "sensu Verdc., p.p.A"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subsp. protracta",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) B.J.Pienaar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subsp. taiwanianus",
        "authorship": "S.S.Ying"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subvar. cubensis",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subvar. deflexa",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subvar. guaranitica",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subvar. triloba",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata subvar. typica",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. asparaginea",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. brasilica",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. caprina",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. catjang",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. catjang",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) H.Ohashi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. cylindrica",
        "authorship": "(L.) H.Ohashi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. cylindricus",
        "authorship": "(L.) H.Ohashi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. dekindtiana",
        "authorship": "(Harms) Verdc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. huillensis",
        "authorship": "(Welw. ex Baker) B.J.Pienaar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. inga",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. kgalagadiensis",
        "authorship": "Mithen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. mensensis",
        "authorship": "(Schweinf.) Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. moncheta",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. oryzina",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. ovata",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) B.J.Pienaar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. protracta",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) Verdc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(R.Wilczek) Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. serotina",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. spontanea",
        "authorship": "(Schweinf.) Pasquet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. stenophylla",
        "authorship": "(Harv.) Mithen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. sulphurea",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. tenuis",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) Mithen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. textilis",
        "authorship": "K.Hammer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. tonkinensis",
        "authorship": "Bertoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vigna unguiculata var. unguiculata",
        "authorship": null
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea"
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        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/aeb23be5-9f07-4059-892e-0aa06397244d",
        "observed_on": "2019-10-09",
        "lat": -29.736,
        "lon": 30.686,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 695
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/57440883/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/57440883/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/57440883/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/57440883/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Peter Warren, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 59826173,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Peter Warren",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/peterrwarren",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b5eaf792-0ba0-49e5-83ca-6009fb6715d5",
        "observed_on": "2017-02-15",
        "lat": -29.334,
        "lon": 30.824,
        "original": {
          "width": 929,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59826173/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59826173/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59826173/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59826173/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Peter Warren, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ANG",
      "BEN",
      "BOT",
      "BUR",
      "CMN",
      "CPP",
      "CVI",
      "CPV",
      "CAF",
      "CHA",
      "CON",
      "ZAI",
      "ERI",
      "SWZ",
      "ETH",
      "OFS",
      "GAB",
      "GAM",
      "GHA",
      "GUI",
      "GNB",
      "GGI",
      "IVO",
      "KEN",
      "NAT",
      "LBR",
      "MLW",
      "MLI",
      "MTN",
      "MOZ",
      "NAM",
      "NGA",
      "TVL",
      "RWA",
      "SEN",
      "SIE",
      "SUD",
      "TAN",
      "TOG",
      "UGA",
      "ZAM",
      "ZIM"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPV",
        "name": "Caprivi Strip",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 22,
    "n_annotated": 27,
    "sufficient": false
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "scrambling annual",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 22 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/vigna-unguiculata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}