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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/veronica-spicata/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "veronica-spicata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000425311",
    "inat_taxon_id": 132118
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Veronica spicata",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Veronica",
    "epithet": "spicata",
    "family": "Plantaginaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 10 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:812676-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Spiked Speedwell",
      "english": [
        "Spiked Speedwell",
        "spiked speedwell"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cardia spicata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dulac"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eustachya oppositifolia",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eustaxia oppositifolia",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedystachys spicata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion bashkiriense",
        "authorship": "(Klokov ex Tzvelev) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion borysthenicum",
        "authorship": "(Ostapko) Ostapko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion euxinum",
        "authorship": "(Turrill) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion grynianum",
        "authorship": "(Klokov) Ostapko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion klokovii",
        "authorship": "(Tzvelev) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion maeoticum",
        "authorship": "(Klokov) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion paczoskianum",
        "authorship": "(Klokov) Ostapko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion petschoricum",
        "authorship": "(Tzvelev) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum subsp. bashkiriense",
        "authorship": "(Klokov ex Tzvelev) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum subsp. fischeri",
        "authorship": "Trávn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum subsp. hybridum",
        "authorship": "Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum subsp. klokovii",
        "authorship": "(Tzvelev) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum subsp. lanisepalum",
        "authorship": "Trávn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum subsp. maeoticum",
        "authorship": "(Klokov) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum subsp. petschoricum",
        "authorship": "(Tzvelev) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum subsp. viscosulum",
        "authorship": "(Klokov) Trávn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum var. pseudoorchideum",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion spicatum var. pseudorchideum",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion tzvelevii",
        "authorship": "Ostapko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pseudolysimachion viscosulum",
        "authorship": "(Klokov) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica acuminata",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica angustata",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica arguta",
        "authorship": "Moretti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica australis",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica bashkiriensis",
        "authorship": "(Klokov ex Tzvelev) Vasjukov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica borysthenica",
        "authorship": "Ostapko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica brevifolia",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica clusii",
        "authorship": "H.Schott ex Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica elegans",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica euxina",
        "authorship": "Turrill"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica fischeri",
        "authorship": "(Trávn.) G.H.Loos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica galeopsifolia",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica glandulifera",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica gryniana",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica hybrida",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica hybrida subvar. albiflora",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica hybrida var. osbeckii",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica lanisepala",
        "authorship": "(Trávn.) G.H.Loos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica longebracteata",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica longibracteata",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica longifolia f. arachnoidea",
        "authorship": "(H.Lindb.) Hagfors"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica maeotica",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica media",
        "authorship": "Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica neglecta",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica obtusiuscula",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica oppositifolia",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica paczoskiana",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica pontica",
        "authorship": "Ostapko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica pseudoincana",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica pseudoorchidea",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica pseudoorchidea",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica rugosa",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica sessilifolia",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata f. arachnoidea",
        "authorship": "(H.Lindb.) Hiitonen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata f. falz-feiniana",
        "authorship": "Tuzson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata f. lanigera",
        "authorship": "Vandas"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata f. minor",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata lus. albida",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata lus. caerulea",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata lus. polystachya",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata subsp. glandulifera",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Dostál"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata subsp. klokovii",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata subsp. lanigera",
        "authorship": "(Vandas) Peev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata subsp. paczoskiana",
        "authorship": "(Klokov) Kosachev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata subsp. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. albiflora",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. alpina",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schmidt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. arachnoidea",
        "authorship": "H.Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. australis",
        "authorship": "Heuff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. bellidifolia",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. bugulifolia",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. clusii",
        "authorship": "(H.Schott ex Roem. & Schult.) Uechtr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. gracilis",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. hybrida",
        "authorship": "(L.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. hybrida",
        "authorship": "Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. hyssopifolia",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. legitima",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. linearis",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. major",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. minor",
        "authorship": "Bréb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. pseudoorchidea",
        "authorship": "Pacz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. vaillantii",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica spicata var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Moritzi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica squamosa",
        "authorship": "J.Presl & C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica squamosa f. clusii",
        "authorship": "(H.Schott ex Roem. & Schult.) Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica squamosa var. clusii",
        "authorship": "(H.Schott ex Roem. & Schult.) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica stachyoides",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica tzvelevii",
        "authorship": "(Ostapko) Mosyakin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica vaillantii",
        "authorship": "Rchb. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica viscosa",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Veronica viscosula",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_spicata"
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      "GRB",
      "HUN",
      "ITA",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "ROM",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 637,
    "n_annotated": 691,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      4,
      163,
      223,
      141,
      68,
      32,
      5,
      1
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      0,
      4,
      2,
      4,
      15,
      171,
      223,
      147,
      74,
      40,
      5,
      6
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.2667,
      0.9532,
      1,
      0.9592,
      0.9189,
      0.8,
      1,
      0.1667
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.109,
        0.5195
      ],
      [
        0.9104,
        0.9761
      ],
      [
        0.9831,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.9138,
        0.9812
      ],
      [
        0.8342,
        0.9623
      ],
      [
        0.6524,
        0.895
      ],
      [
        0.5655,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.0301,
        0.5635
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 7,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 60,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        3,
        0,
        0,
        2,
        2,
        13,
        14,
        14,
        10,
        1,
        1
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0.1333,
        0.0117,
        0.0583,
        0.0952,
        0.1892,
        0.25,
        0.2,
        0.1667
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.0374,
          0.3788
        ],
        [
          0.0032,
          0.0416
        ],
        [
          0.0344,
          0.0972
        ],
        [
          0.0576,
          0.1535
        ],
        [
          0.1162,
          0.2929
        ],
        [
          0.1419,
          0.4019
        ],
        [
          0.0362,
          0.6245
        ],
        [
          0.0301,
          0.5635
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 10
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 1.7,
      "median": 5.4,
      "p95": 10.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 594.2,
      "median": 1015.1,
      "p95": 1275.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18.8,
      "median": 23.5,
      "p95": 26.1
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -19.4,
      "median": -11,
      "p95": -1.3
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 418.4,
      "median": 576,
      "p95": 990.4
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 17.6,
      "median": 30.2,
      "p95": 49.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 54.7,
      "median": 97.2,
      "p95": 176.1
    },
    "n": 1991,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1991 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/veronica-spicata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}