{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/verbascum-phlomoides/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "verbascum-phlomoides",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000419193",
    "inat_taxon_id": 170140
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Verbascum phlomoides",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Verbascum",
    "epithet": "phlomoides",
    "family": "Scrophulariaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 1194 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:770045-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Orange Mullein",
      "english": [
        "Orange Mullein",
        "orange mullein"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Flomosia condensata",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Flomosia nemarosa",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Flomosia phlomoides",
        "authorship": "(L.) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thapsus phlomoides",
        "authorship": "(L.) Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum argyrostachyon",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum australe",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum belasitzae",
        "authorship": "Stoj. & Stef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum bulgaricum",
        "authorship": "Velen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum calvescens",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum condensatum",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum foemina",
        "authorship": "Garsault"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum formanekii",
        "authorship": "Borbás ex Formánek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum grandiflorum",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum italicum",
        "authorship": "Moric."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum jernacha",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum montanum",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nemorosum",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides f. eramosum",
        "authorship": "Todor & Gergely"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides prol. nemorosum",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides subsp. australe",
        "authorship": "Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides subsp. australe",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. album",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. australe",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. condensatum",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. condensatum",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. decurrens",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. denudatum",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. flavum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. glabrescens",
        "authorship": "Zalewski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. kochii",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. macranthum",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. nemorosum",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. ramosum",
        "authorship": "Freyn & E.Brandis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum phlomoides var. semidecurrens",
        "authorship": "Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum pulverulentum",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum pumilum",
        "authorship": "Stoj. & Stef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum rolletianum",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum rugulosum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum saxatile",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum semidecurrens",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum slavonicum",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum thapsiforme subsp. phlomoides",
        "authorship": "(L.) Corb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum thapsiforme var. condensatum",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum thapsoides",
        "authorship": "Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum thapsus var. condensatum",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum tomentosum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum viminale",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbascum_phlomoides"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 463,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY",
      "CC-BY-SA"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 188048786,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Grzegorz Grzejszczak",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/grzegorz_grzejszczak",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f6218603-d1f5-4aec-9b0d-f2dfd402e53a",
        "observed_on": "2021-11-16",
        "lat": 53.143,
        "lon": 14.882,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/188048786/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/188048786/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/188048786/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/188048786/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Grzegorz Grzejszczak, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 162709145,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "tetyanakuchma",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tetyanakuchma",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ecc25474-e05f-4ecf-b787-bc6064ba512c",
        "observed_on": "2021-10-10",
        "lat": 50.462,
        "lon": 30.512,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 471
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/162709145/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/162709145/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/162709145/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/162709145/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "tetyanakuchma, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 161732725,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Patrick Hacker",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/pastabaum",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ce44a0c8-00b4-47fa-acbc-8b93667e33e7",
        "observed_on": "2021-10-05",
        "lat": 48.231,
        "lon": 15.334,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/161732725/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/161732725/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/161732725/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/161732725/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Patrick Hacker, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 156264498,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Oleksii Vasyliuk",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/vasyliuk1",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f59eced6-0b56-4a57-8267-09678f5dda49",
        "observed_on": "2021-09-04",
        "lat": 50.492,
        "lon": 30.26,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 512
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/156264498/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/156264498/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/156264498/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/156264498/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Oleksii Vasyliuk, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 179771621,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Lars Willighagen",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/larswillighagen",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59e73b24-696e-4be7-8ae2-d20d4f72e46c",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-29",
        "lat": 51.705,
        "lon": 3.685,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179771621/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179771621/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179771621/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179771621/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Lars Willighagen, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 154308003,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Gabriel Mayrhofer",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gabrielmayrhofer",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8d9d4e91-b941-46ba-a479-0c58dcd86d8b",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-17",
        "lat": 47.766,
        "lon": 16.836,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/154308003/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/154308003/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/154308003/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/154308003/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Gabriel Mayrhofer, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 150652182,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Emmett Collins-Sussman",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/mettcollsuss",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/a394edce-b7b0-48e2-a324-f960f43c0914",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-14",
        "lat": 42.58,
        "lon": -85.517,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150652182/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150652182/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150652182/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150652182/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Emmett Collins-Sussman, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 150280397,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Виктория Билоус",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/viktoriabilous",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/05acf2d4-a127-4b37-bb89-873f54e2213f",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-12",
        "lat": 44.804,
        "lon": 37.432,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150280397/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150280397/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150280397/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150280397/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Виктория Билоус, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALT",
      "EAI",
      "KAZ",
      "NCS",
      "TCS",
      "TUR",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ITA",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 419,
    "n_annotated": 435,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      2,
      0,
      4,
      6,
      13,
      79,
      143,
      70,
      48,
      34,
      16,
      4
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      2,
      1,
      4,
      7,
      16,
      83,
      144,
      73,
      48,
      35,
      18,
      4
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.8571,
      0.8125,
      0.9518,
      0.9931,
      0.9589,
      1,
      0.9714,
      0.8889,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.4869,
        0.9743
      ],
      [
        0.5699,
        0.9341
      ],
      [
        0.8825,
        0.9811
      ],
      [
        0.9617,
        0.9988
      ],
      [
        0.886,
        0.9859
      ],
      [
        0.9259,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.8547,
        0.9949
      ],
      [
        0.672,
        0.969
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 9,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 54,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        1,
        7,
        23,
        12,
        5,
        5,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0,
        0.012,
        0.0486,
        0.3151,
        0.25,
        0.1429,
        0.2778,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.3543
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1936
        ],
        [
          0.0021,
          0.0651
        ],
        [
          0.0237,
          0.0969
        ],
        [
          0.22,
          0.4286
        ],
        [
          0.1492,
          0.3878
        ],
        [
          0.0626,
          0.2938
        ],
        [
          0.125,
          0.5087
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "biennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/verbascum-phlomoides/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}