{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/verbascum-nigrum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "verbascum-nigrum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000420517",
    "inat_taxon_id": 56164
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Verbascum nigrum",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Verbascum",
    "epithet": "nigrum",
    "family": "Scrophulariaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 178 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:770013-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Dark Mullein",
      "english": [
        "Dark Mullein",
        "black mullein",
        "dark mullein"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Lychnitis nigra",
        "authorship": "(L.) Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thapsus nigrum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum abietinum",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum alopecurus",
        "authorship": "Thuill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum barthii",
        "authorship": "Schur ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum borisii-regis",
        "authorship": "Murb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum bornmuelleri",
        "authorship": "Velen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum chaixii var. urticifolium",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum cordifolium",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum dentatum",
        "authorship": "Lapeyr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum gallicum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum grisebachianum",
        "authorship": "Borbás ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum humile",
        "authorship": "Bernh. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum hybridum",
        "authorship": "Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum lyratum",
        "authorship": "Pourr. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum macrophyllum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum minutiflorum",
        "authorship": "Stef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum monspessulanum",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum f. leucerion",
        "authorship": "Grütter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum subsp. alopecuros",
        "authorship": "(Thuill.) Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum var. alopecurus",
        "authorship": "(Thuill.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum var. amplectens",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum var. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "Krok"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum var. glabrescens",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum var. gymnostemon",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum var. parisiense",
        "authorship": "(Thuill.) Mérat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum var. tomentosum",
        "authorship": "Bab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nigrum var. verum",
        "authorship": "Bab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nitidum var. alopecuros",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nitidum var. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nitidum var. parisiense",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum nitidum var. thyrsoideum",
        "authorship": "(Host) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum orchideum",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum orientale",
        "authorship": "Friv. ex Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum ovatum",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum parisiense",
        "authorship": "Thuill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum pseudonigrum",
        "authorship": "Bogenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum ruderale",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum thyrsoideum",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum urticifolium",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum vernale",
        "authorship": "Wierzb. ex Rochel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum villosum",
        "authorship": "Bernh. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Verbascum wierzbickii",
        "authorship": "Heuff."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbascum_nigrum"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 1288,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 205531738,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Pavel Kacl",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/pavel_kacl",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/a3aba343-f6c1-41c4-8176-d5563442d575",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-11",
        "lat": 50.774,
        "lon": 14.933,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205531738/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205531738/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205531738/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205531738/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Pavel Kacl, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 158233261,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Силаева Татьяна Борисовна",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tbsilaeva",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/813a7850-dffa-4006-aae9-88ab75d879fc",
        "observed_on": "2021-09-18",
        "lat": 54.361,
        "lon": 44.889,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/158233261/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/158233261/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/158233261/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/158233261/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Силаева Татьяна Борисовна, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 156279387,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Daria",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kotia",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1ffc1e95-dc8b-4704-851c-d8753bd7c3f9",
        "observed_on": "2021-09-09",
        "lat": 55.789,
        "lon": 37.436,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/156279387/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/156279387/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/156279387/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/156279387/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Daria, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 155898750,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "E. A.",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kupferglucke",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e1496074-9188-4bbc-967f-ff08e42c0bef",
        "observed_on": "2021-09-06",
        "lat": 47.279,
        "lon": 14.757,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 679
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155898750/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155898750/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155898750/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155898750/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "E. A., CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 155415320,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "bogsuckers",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/bogsuckers",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/743de3c3-08bd-448e-b7a3-684edb1554d4",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-31",
        "lat": 48.458,
        "lon": -4.707,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155415320/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155415320/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155415320/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155415320/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "bogsuckers, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 162965762,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Dmitriy Bochkov",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/convallaria1128",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/0a967b2c-af08-49b7-b8fa-317138cc948f",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-22",
        "lat": 55.821,
        "lon": 39.026,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/162965762/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/162965762/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/162965762/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/162965762/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Dmitriy Bochkov, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 152406305,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eleftherioskats",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/c2ca58d8-2356-4c71-b881-7917b72e3a6d",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-21",
        "lat": 46.456,
        "lon": 6.998,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/152406305/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/152406305/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/152406305/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/152406305/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eleftherios Katsillis, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 150847607,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Yurii Basov",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/yurii_basov",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/47bee9fe-c596-4666-b53c-29e489d174b9",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-14",
        "lat": 57.221,
        "lon": 65.233,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 461
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150847607/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150847607/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150847607/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/150847607/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Yurii Basov, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALT",
      "KRA",
      "WSB",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BAL",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ITA",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "ROM",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 984,
    "n_annotated": 1027,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      13,
      185,
      444,
      204,
      80,
      46,
      11,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      1,
      0,
      1,
      2,
      14,
      194,
      456,
      212,
      86,
      49,
      11,
      1
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.9286,
      0.9536,
      0.9737,
      0.9623,
      0.9302,
      0.9388,
      1,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.6853,
        0.9873
      ],
      [
        0.9142,
        0.9754
      ],
      [
        0.9546,
        0.9849
      ],
      [
        0.9273,
        0.9808
      ],
      [
        0.856,
        0.9676
      ],
      [
        0.8348,
        0.979
      ],
      [
        0.7412,
        1
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 11,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 35,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        2,
        16,
        10,
        6,
        1,
        0,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0.0103,
        0.0351,
        0.0472,
        0.0698,
        0.0204,
        0,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.2153
        ],
        [
          0.0028,
          0.0368
        ],
        [
          0.0217,
          0.0562
        ],
        [
          0.0258,
          0.0846
        ],
        [
          0.0324,
          0.144
        ],
        [
          0.0036,
          0.1069
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.2588
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/verbascum-nigrum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}