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  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
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    "slug": "varronia-spinescens",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000420865",
    "inat_taxon_id": 291743
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Varronia spinescens",
    "authorship": "(L.) Borhidi",
    "genus": "Varronia",
    "epithet": "spinescens",
    "family": "Cordiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Acta Bot. Hung. 34: 393 (1988)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:946226-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cordia coloradiphila",
        "authorship": "Gilli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia costaricensis",
        "authorship": "I.M.Johnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia crenulata",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia ferruginea",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia ferruginea",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia laxiflora",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia pauciflora",
        "authorship": "Rusby"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia platystachya",
        "authorship": "Killip ex J.Estrada"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia poeppigii",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia poeppigii",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia pyrifolia",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "J.Estrada"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia riparia",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia spinescens",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cordia thibaudiana",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lithocardium crenulatum",
        "authorship": "(A.DC.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lithocardium ferrugineum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lithocardium laxiflorum",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lithocardium poeppigii",
        "authorship": "(A.DC.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lithocardium riparium",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lithocardium thibaudianum",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Montjolya ferruginea",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Friesen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quarena spinescens",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia coloradiphila",
        "authorship": "(Gilli) Borhidi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia costaricensis",
        "authorship": "(I.M.Johnst.) Borhidi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia crenulata",
        "authorship": "Pav. ex DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia ferruginea",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia laxiflora",
        "authorship": "(Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Borhidi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia pauciflora",
        "authorship": "(Rusby) Borhidi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia poeppigii",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Borhidi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia pyrifolia",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Varronia riparia",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Borhidi"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
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    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
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  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "BLZ",
      "BOL",
      "BZN",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "FRG",
      "GUA",
      "HON",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PER",
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    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 3,
    "n_annotated": 3,
    "sufficient": false
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "scrambling shrub or tree",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/varronia-spinescens/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}