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  "last_modified": "2026-06-10",
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    "wfo": "wfo-0001277441",
    "inat_taxon_id": 781083
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Vachellia macracantha",
    "authorship": "(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Seigler & Ebinger",
    "genus": "Vachellia",
    "epithet": "macracantha",
    "family": "Fabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Phytologia 87: 160 (2005 publ. 2006)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.legumedata.org/taxonomy/taxon/2471614",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "porknut",
      "english": [
        "porknut"
      ],
      "source": "usda"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Acacia cowellii",
        "authorship": "(Britton & Rose) León"
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia flexuosa var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia flexuosa var. lasiocarpa",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia humboldtii",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia lutea",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia macracantha",
        "authorship": "Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia macracantha var. glabra",
        "authorship": "Kitan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia macracantha var. glabrens",
        "authorship": "Eggers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia macracantha var. glabrescens",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia macracanthoides",
        "authorship": "Bertero ex DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia microcephala",
        "authorship": "Macfad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia obtusa",
        "authorship": "Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia pellacantha",
        "authorship": "Vogel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia platyacantha",
        "authorship": "Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia punctata",
        "authorship": "Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Acacia subinermis",
        "authorship": "Bertero ex DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mimosa atomaria",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mimosa lutea",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mimosa macracantha",
        "authorship": "(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mimosa obtusa",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mimosa pellacantha",
        "authorship": "Meyen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poponax cowellii",
        "authorship": "Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poponax lutea",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poponax macracantha",
        "authorship": "(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Killip"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poponax macracanthoides",
        "authorship": "(Bertero ex DC.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vachellia lutea",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Speg."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
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    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
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    "regions": [
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        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
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      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
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        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAH",
        "name": "Bahamas",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLN",
        "name": "Chile North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
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        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
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        "code": "GAL",
        "name": "Galápagos",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
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        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
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        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAR",
        "name": "Paraguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCI",
        "name": "Turks-Caicos Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 28,
    "n_annotated": 69,
    "sufficient": false
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "note": "common name, checklist symbol VAMA4",
      "license": "public domain",
      "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 28 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/vachellia-macracantha/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}