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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/urena-lobata/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "urena-lobata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000417231",
    "inat_taxon_id": 127638
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Urena lobata",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Urena",
    "epithet": "lobata",
    "family": "Malvaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 692 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Caesarweed",
      "english": [
        "Caesarweed",
        "Congo jute"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus americanus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Mabb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Malachra urena",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena aculeata",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena americana",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena americana",
        "authorship": "L.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena blumei",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena callifera",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena cana",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena chinensis",
        "authorship": "Osbeck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena diversifolia",
        "authorship": "Schumach. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena grandiflora",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena haenkeana",
        "authorship": "Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena heteromorpha",
        "authorship": "Montrouz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena heterophylla",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena heterophylla",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena heterophylla",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lappago",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lappago var. glauca",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata f. swartzii",
        "authorship": "Hochr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata f. umbrosa",
        "authorship": "Hochr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata subsp. alba",
        "authorship": "S.N.Pardeshi & Srinivasu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. americana",
        "authorship": "Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. chinensis",
        "authorship": "(Osbeck) S.Y.Hu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. genuina",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. lappago",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) M.R.Almeida"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. lobata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. nummularia",
        "authorship": "Hochr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. reticulata",
        "authorship": "Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. rhombifolia",
        "authorship": "A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. scabriuscula",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. sinuata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. tomentosa",
        "authorship": "(Blume) Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. trilobata",
        "authorship": "(Vell.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena lobata var. viminea",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena loureiroi",
        "authorship": "Meisn. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena manihot",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena mauritiana",
        "authorship": "Sieber ex Colla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena microcarpa",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena monopetala",
        "authorship": "Lour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena morifolia",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena multifida",
        "authorship": "Cav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena muricata",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena obtusata",
        "authorship": "Guill. & Perr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena paradoxa",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena phyllomorpha",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena repanda",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena reticulata",
        "authorship": "Cav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena ribesia",
        "authorship": "Sm."
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      {
        "name": "Urena scabriuscula",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena sieberi",
        "authorship": "Colla"
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      {
        "name": "Urena sinuata",
        "authorship": "Sw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena sinuata",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena sinuata var. ceylanica",
        "authorship": "Gürke"
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        "name": "Urena swartzii",
        "authorship": "DC."
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        "name": "Urena tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Wall."
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        "name": "Urena tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Blume"
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      {
        "name": "Urena trichocarpa",
        "authorship": "Gagnep."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena tricuspis",
        "authorship": "Cav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena trilobata",
        "authorship": "Vell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena viminea",
        "authorship": "Cav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Urena virgata",
        "authorship": "Guill. & Perr."
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urena_lobata"
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      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "XMS",
        "name": "Christmas I.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAH",
        "name": "Bahamas",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZC",
        "name": "Brazil West-Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAY",
        "name": "Cayman Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPI",
        "name": "Central American Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAR",
        "name": "Paraguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 821,
    "n_annotated": 1038,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      70,
      33,
      42,
      54,
      76,
      53,
      36,
      40,
      91,
      158,
      102,
      66
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      87,
      44,
      65,
      76,
      91,
      68,
      56,
      48,
      103,
      183,
      129,
      88
    ],
    "share": [
      0.8046,
      0.75,
      0.6462,
      0.7105,
      0.8352,
      0.7794,
      0.6429,
      0.8333,
      0.8835,
      0.8634,
      0.7907,
      0.75
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.7092,
        0.8743
      ],
      [
        0.6056,
        0.8543
      ],
      [
        0.5247,
        0.7512
      ],
      [
        0.6004,
        0.8004
      ],
      [
        0.7457,
        0.8975
      ],
      [
        0.6674,
        0.8615
      ],
      [
        0.5119,
        0.7554
      ],
      [
        0.7042,
        0.913
      ],
      [
        0.8073,
        0.9321
      ],
      [
        0.8061,
        0.9057
      ],
      [
        0.7126,
        0.852
      ],
      [
        0.6504,
        0.8287
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 9,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 305,
      "by_month": [
        31,
        14,
        25,
        13,
        23,
        28,
        14,
        13,
        20,
        50,
        48,
        26
      ],
      "share": [
        0.3563,
        0.3182,
        0.3846,
        0.1711,
        0.2527,
        0.4118,
        0.25,
        0.2708,
        0.1942,
        0.2732,
        0.3721,
        0.2955
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.2637,
          0.4611
        ],
        [
          0.2,
          0.4656
        ],
        [
          0.2759,
          0.5062
        ],
        [
          0.1028,
          0.271
        ],
        [
          0.1747,
          0.3508
        ],
        [
          0.3026,
          0.5304
        ],
        [
          0.1552,
          0.3769
        ],
        [
          0.1657,
          0.41
        ],
        [
          0.1294,
          0.281
        ],
        [
          0.2138,
          0.342
        ],
        [
          0.2935,
          0.4581
        ],
        [
          0.2103,
          0.3977
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 6
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "subshrub or shrub",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/urena-lobata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}