{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ulmus-minor/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ulmus-minor",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000416674",
    "inat_taxon_id": 79461
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Ulmus minor",
    "authorship": "Mill.",
    "genus": "Ulmus",
    "epithet": "minor",
    "family": "Ulmaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 6 (1768)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:856890-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Small-leaved Elm",
      "english": [
        "Small-leaved Elm",
        "small-leaved elm",
        "English elm"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Ulmus ambigua",
        "authorship": "Beldie"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus anglica",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Weston) Weston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus angustifolia var. cornubiensis",
        "authorship": "(Weston) Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus araxina",
        "authorship": "Takht."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus asperrima",
        "authorship": "Simonk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus asymmetrica",
        "authorship": "J.V.Armstr. & P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus atinia",
        "authorship": "J.Walker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus aurea",
        "authorship": "hort. ex K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus berandii",
        "authorship": "Simon-Louis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. concavifolia",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. denudata",
        "authorship": "Trautv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. laevis",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Herder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. monumentalis",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. pendula",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. propendens",
        "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. suberosa",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Herder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. suberosoalata",
        "authorship": "Trautv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. tortuosa",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. umbraculifera",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. variegata",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. virens",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris f. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Herder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris lus. aspera",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris lus. glabra",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris lus. laevis",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris lus. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris lus. propendens",
        "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris lus. scabra",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris subsp. amplifolia",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris subsp. procera",
        "authorship": "(Salisb.) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris subsp. suberosa",
        "authorship": "Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris subsp. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris subvar. fastigiata-dampieri",
        "authorship": "Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris unranked berardii",
        "authorship": "Jacob-Makoy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris unranked gracilis",
        "authorship": "Späth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris unranked minor",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris unranked webbiana",
        "authorship": "J.Lee ex Simon-Louis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Weston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. argenteovariegata",
        "authorship": "Weston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. aurea",
        "authorship": "É.Morren"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. australis",
        "authorship": "A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. betulifolius",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. concavifolia",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. cornubiensis",
        "authorship": "Weston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. corylifolia",
        "authorship": "(Host) Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. dalmatica",
        "authorship": "Bald."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. fungosa",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. glabra",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. glabra-variegata",
        "authorship": "Dum.Cours."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. laciniatus",
        "authorship": "L.Mathieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. laevis",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. marginata",
        "authorship": "G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. microphylla-pendula",
        "authorship": "G.Nicholson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. minor",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. modiolina",
        "authorship": "Dum.Cours."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. mollis",
        "authorship": "Regel ex Herder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Regel ex Herder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. planifolia",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. punctata",
        "authorship": "Jacob-Makoy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "(Carrière) Mottet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. stricta",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. suberosa",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. suberosa-pendula",
        "authorship": "Siesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. umbraculifera",
        "authorship": "Trautv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. viminalis",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. wheatleyi",
        "authorship": "Simon-Louis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus canescens",
        "authorship": "Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus canescens var. africana",
        "authorship": "Grudz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia",
        "authorship": "Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia",
        "authorship": "Gled."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia",
        "authorship": "Suckow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia f. gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Späth) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia f. koopmannii",
        "authorship": "(Lauche ex Späth) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia f. propendens",
        "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia f. webbiana",
        "authorship": "(J.Lee ex Simon-Louis) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia var. cornubiensis",
        "authorship": "(Weston) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia var. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "(Lindl.) Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia var. horsholmii",
        "authorship": "Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia var. italica",
        "authorship": "(A.Henry) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia var. suberosa",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia var. umbraculifera",
        "authorship": "(Trautv.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus carpinifolia var. variegata",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus coritana",
        "authorship": "Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus coritana var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus coritana var. rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus cornubiensis",
        "authorship": "(Weston) D.A.Webster"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus corylifolia",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus cucullata",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus densa",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus densa var. bubyriana",
        "authorship": "Litv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus discolor",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus diversifolia",
        "authorship": "Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus elliptica",
        "authorship": "Murr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus fastigiata",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliacea",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliacea",
        "authorship": "Gilib. ex C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliacea f. crispula",
        "authorship": "Johanss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliacea f. grandifrons",
        "authorship": "Johanss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliacea f. prunifolia",
        "authorship": "Johanss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliacea var. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliacea var. pilosula",
        "authorship": "Johanss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliacea var. stricta",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus foliosa var. wheatleyi",
        "authorship": "(Simon-Louis) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus fungosa",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Dum.Cours."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus georgica",
        "authorship": "Schchian"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. minor",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. propendens",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. vanhouttei",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. variegata",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus grossheimii",
        "authorship": "Takht."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus koopmannii",
        "authorship": "Lauche ex Späth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus major",
        "authorship": "Hohen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus microphylla var. pendula",
        "authorship": "Petz. & G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor f. suberosa",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Cinovskis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor f. variegata",
        "authorship": "(Dum.Cours.) Geerinck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor subsp. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Weston) Stace"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor subsp. canescens",
        "authorship": "(Melville) Browicz & Ziel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor subsp. cornubiensis",
        "authorship": "(Weston) Stace"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor subsp. procera",
        "authorship": "(Salisb.) Franco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor var. cornubiensis",
        "authorship": "(Weston) R.H.Richens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor var. lockii",
        "authorship": "(Druce) R.H.Richens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor var. suberosa",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Dostál"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor var. suberosa",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus minor var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) R.H.Richens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus modiolina",
        "authorship": "Dum.Cours."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus monumentalis",
        "authorship": "Rinz ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nana",
        "authorship": "Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nemoralis",
        "authorship": "Boiss. ex Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nemorosa",
        "authorship": "Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nitens",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nitens var. italica",
        "authorship": "A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nitens var. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nitens var. sowerbyi",
        "authorship": "Moss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nitens var. stricta",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nitens var. wheatleyi",
        "authorship": "(Simon-Louis) A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nuda",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus planereoides",
        "authorship": "Carrière"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus plotii",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera f. argenteovariegata",
        "authorship": "(Weston) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera f. aurea",
        "authorship": "(É.Morren) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera f. marginata",
        "authorship": "(G.Kirchn.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera f. myrtifolia",
        "authorship": "Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera f. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera f. vanhouttei",
        "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera var. australis",
        "authorship": "(A.Henry) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera var. berandii",
        "authorship": "(Simon-Louis) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera var. viminalis",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus pseudocoritana",
        "authorship": "J.V.Armstr. & P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus pseudosuberosa",
        "authorship": "Błocki"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus purpurea",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus reticulata",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus rosseelsii",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "Carrière"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus sarniensis",
        "authorship": "Lodd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus sativa",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus sativa var. lockii",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra subf. viminalis",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus sowerbyi",
        "authorship": "(Moss) J.V.Armstr. & P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus sparsa",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus stricta",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus stricta var. goodyeri",
        "authorship": "Melville"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus stricta var. wheatleyi",
        "authorship": "(Simon-Louis) Bean"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus suberosa",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus suberosa unranked pendula-lombartsii",
        "authorship": "Lombarts"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus suberosa var. folia-variegata-pendula",
        "authorship": "de Vos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus suberosa var. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Roth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus suberosa var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Roth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus suberosa var. pendula",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus suberosa var. pumila",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus surculosa",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus surculosa var. argutifolia",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus tetrandra",
        "authorship": "Schkuhr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus tiliifolia",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus tortuosa",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus uzbekistanica",
        "authorship": "Drobow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus vanhouttei",
        "authorship": "Pynaert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus viminalis",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Bean"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus virens",
        "authorship": "Hort ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Pall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus vulgaris prol. minor",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus wheatleyi",
        "authorship": "(Simon-Louis) Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus wyssotzky",
        "authorship": "Kotov"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_minor"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 648,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 205785290,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Татьяна Горбушина",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/a-travva",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/fc4f1f24-9275-4c71-8770-deb6e2bf2178",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-11",
        "lat": 52.502,
        "lon": 43.147,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205785290/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205785290/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205785290/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205785290/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Татьяна Горбушина, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 203425556,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Alexis Tinker-Tsavalas",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/alexis_orion",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ce058fd2-d2b1-41f1-96c3-08c325dd0c90",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-04",
        "lat": 52.492,
        "lon": 13.319,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203425556/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203425556/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203425556/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203425556/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Alexis Tinker-Tsavalas, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 203000058,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Yann Kemper",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kemper",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/21792e13-004b-4bc1-9f41-478de35a48ab",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-03",
        "lat": 50.645,
        "lon": 6.941,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203000058/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203000058/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203000058/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203000058/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Yann Kemper, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 200841482,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Andrea",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kampfmaus",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e870ec0b-6ad1-46c2-8a8d-4739de14b6e3",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-26",
        "lat": 50.958,
        "lon": 6.962,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 761
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200841482/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200841482/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200841482/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200841482/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Andrea, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 201829216,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Stephen James McWilliam",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/steve_mcwilliam",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/d615e33e-93c7-4991-aca1-314e21597fc4",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-24",
        "lat": 53.389,
        "lon": -2.936,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201829216/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201829216/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201829216/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201829216/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Stephen James McWilliam, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 199026861,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Liubov Ilminska",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/liubov_ilminska",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5f86fc51-1afa-4a62-bafe-f25e5b849887",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-16",
        "lat": 48.976,
        "lon": 30.25,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199026861/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199026861/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199026861/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199026861/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Liubov Ilminska, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197189970,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Zeke Marshall",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/zekemarshall",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3cc9ddc7-d932-4af1-b329-17f4b8cfa9b1",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-12",
        "lat": 50.358,
        "lon": -4.172,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197189970/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197189970/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197189970/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197189970/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Zeke Marshall, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197080664,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Zeke Marshall",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/zekemarshall",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45b0e8bd-154f-4f49-9fd9-b12a22fbff89",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-12",
        "lat": 50.318,
        "lon": -4.085,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197080664/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197080664/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197080664/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197080664/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Zeke Marshall, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "LBY",
      "MOR",
      "TUN",
      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "IRN",
      "IRQ",
      "KAZ",
      "LBS",
      "NCS",
      "PAL",
      "TZK",
      "TCS",
      "TKM",
      "TUR",
      "UZB",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 34,
    "n_annotated": 424,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      9,
      15,
      9,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      1,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      13,
      23,
      74,
      134,
      53,
      14,
      18,
      22,
      23,
      27,
      15,
      8
    ],
    "share": [
      0,
      0.3913,
      0.2027,
      0.0672,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0.0667,
      0
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0,
        0.2281
      ],
      [
        0.2216,
        0.5921
      ],
      [
        0.1269,
        0.3079
      ],
      [
        0.0357,
        0.1227
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0676
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2153
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1759
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1487
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1431
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1246
      ],
      [
        0.0119,
        0.2982
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3244
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 2,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 148,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        46,
        82,
        18,
        0,
        0,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        1,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        0,
        0,
        0.6216,
        0.6119,
        0.3396,
        0,
        0,
        0.0455,
        0,
        0,
        0.0667,
        0
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0,
          0.2281
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1431
        ],
        [
          0.5077,
          0.7235
        ],
        [
          0.5274,
          0.6902
        ],
        [
          0.2269,
          0.4741
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.2153
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1759
        ],
        [
          0.0081,
          0.218
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1431
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1246
        ],
        [
          0.0119,
          0.2982
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.3244
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 3
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/ulmus-minor/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}