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  "last_modified": "2025-08-03",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ulmus-glabra",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000416717",
    "inat_taxon_id": 170056
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Ulmus glabra",
    "authorship": "Huds.",
    "genus": "Ulmus",
    "epithet": "glabra",
    "family": "Ulmaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Angl. (Hudson) 95 (1762)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302887-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Wych Elm",
      "english": [
        "Scot's Elm",
        "Scotch Elm",
        "Scotch elm",
        "Scots elm",
        "Wych Elm",
        "Wych elm",
        "mountain elm",
        "wych elm",
        "wyth elm"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Ulmus adiantifolia",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus antarctica",
        "authorship": "hort. ex K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus camperdowni",
        "authorship": "(Bean) J.V.Armstr. & P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris subsp. montana",
        "authorship": "(With.) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris unranked cornuta",
        "authorship": "I.David"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus campestris var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "H.Vilm. ex Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus cebennensis",
        "authorship": "Audib. ex Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus cinerea",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus communis",
        "authorship": "Carrière"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus corylacea",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus corylacea var. grandidentata",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus crispa",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus excelsa",
        "authorship": "Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus exoniensis",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus expansa",
        "authorship": "Rota"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus forficata",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus gallica",
        "authorship": "A.Chev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus gigantea",
        "authorship": "hort. ex K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. atropurpurea",
        "authorship": "(Späth) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. camperdownii",
        "authorship": "A.Henry ex Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(I.David) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. crispa",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. elliptica",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. exoniensis",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. firma",
        "authorship": "(Schneid.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. glabrata",
        "authorship": "(Sonder) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. horizontalis",
        "authorship": "(G.Kirchn.) Geerinck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. lutescens",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. macrophylla",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. monstrosa",
        "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. nana",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. nitida",
        "authorship": "(Fr.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra subsp. montana",
        "authorship": "(Stokes) Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra subsp. scabra",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra subvar. dasycarpa",
        "authorship": "Lindq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. albovariegata",
        "authorship": "Weston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. camperdownii",
        "authorship": "(A.Henry ex Rehder) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. horizontalis",
        "authorship": "(G.Kirchn.) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. montana",
        "authorship": "(Stokes) Lindq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. scabra",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Lindq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glabra var. trautvetteri",
        "authorship": "Johanss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glandulosa",
        "authorship": "Lindl. ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus glutinosa",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus hollandica var. camperdownii",
        "authorship": "(A.Henry ex Rehder) J.-F.Leroy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus horizontalis",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus intermedia",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus latifolia",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus leucocarpa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana",
        "authorship": "With."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana f. exoniensis",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Boulger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. atropurpurea",
        "authorship": "Späth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. camperdowni",
        "authorship": "Bean"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. cebennensis",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. elliptica",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. fastigiata",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. horizontalis",
        "authorship": "G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. nitida",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. pendula",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. pendula-camperdownii",
        "authorship": "A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. pendula-macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Maxwell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus montana var. pendula-variegata",
        "authorship": "Hartwig & Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus mossii",
        "authorship": "A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus nigra",
        "authorship": "Lodd. ex Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus ontariensis",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus podolica",
        "authorship": "Klokov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus procera f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(H.Vilm. ex Wesm.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra f. firma",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra f. horizontalis",
        "authorship": "(G.Kirchn.) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra f. lutescens",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra f. monstrosa",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(H.Vilm. ex Wesm.) Dippel"
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        "name": "Ulmus scabra f. tricuspis",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra subf. crispa",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Dippel"
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        "name": "Ulmus scabra subf. macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
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      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra subf. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra subf. rugosa",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
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      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra var. exoniensis",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra var. nana",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus scabra var. tricuspis",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus sukaczevii",
        "authorship": "Andronov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus urticifolia",
        "authorship": "Audib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ulmus viscosa",
        "authorship": "Desf. ex Steud."
      }
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        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 15,
    "n_annotated": 315,
    "sufficient": false,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 76,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        0,
        22,
        43,
        8,
        1,
        1,
        0,
        1,
        0,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0.4783,
        0.5443,
        0.1404,
        0.0476,
        0.0263,
        0,
        0.0323,
        0,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.3244
        ],
        [
          0.3412,
          0.6186
        ],
        [
          0.435,
          0.6495
        ],
        [
          0.0729,
          0.2532
        ],
        [
          0.0085,
          0.2267
        ],
        [
          0.0047,
          0.135
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1206
        ],
        [
          0.0057,
          0.1619
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.3543
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 5
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 15 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/ulmus-glabra/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}