{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/triticum-aestivum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "triticum-aestivum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000905667",
    "inat_taxon_id": 64161
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Triticum aestivum",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Triticum",
    "epithet": "aestivum",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 1: 85 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332110-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "common wheat",
      "english": [
        "common wheat"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Aegilops straussii",
        "authorship": "Hausskn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron ichyostachyum",
        "authorship": "(Seidl) P.Candargy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Frumentum triticum",
        "authorship": "E.H.L.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Secale creticum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Spelta vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aegyptiacum",
        "authorship": "Mazzuc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum prol. compactum",
        "authorship": "(Host) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. hadropyrum",
        "authorship": "(Flaksb.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. inflatum",
        "authorship": "(Kudr.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. petropavlovskyi",
        "authorship": "E.V.Zuev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. tibetanum",
        "authorship": "Q.Q.Shao"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. tibeticum",
        "authorship": "J.Z.Shao"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. transcaucasicum",
        "authorship": "Dorof. & Laptev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. vavilovii",
        "authorship": "(Jakubz.) Á.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum subsp. yunnanense",
        "authorship": "King ex S.L.Chen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. albidum",
        "authorship": "(Alef.) Valev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. albinflatocapitatum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. alborubrum",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. album",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. arnualru-claviformum",
        "authorship": "Gandilyan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. arnuruciru-claviformum",
        "authorship": "Gandilyan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. australianum",
        "authorship": "Udachin & Schachm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. baladseetense",
        "authorship": "K.Hammer & Filat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. blaringhemi",
        "authorship": "(Chun) Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. brezhnevii",
        "authorship": "Udachin & Shakhm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. brunneum",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. chini",
        "authorship": "(Chun) Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. clementeae",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. creticum",
        "authorship": "(Mazzuc.) Mansf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. dorofeevii",
        "authorship": "Udachin & Shakhm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. duplicatum",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. erythrospermum",
        "authorship": "(Körn.) Mansf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. falsedelfii",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. falselutescens",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. falsenigricolor",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. ferrugineum",
        "authorship": "(Alef.) Mansf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. golbekii",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. hibernum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. ibraense",
        "authorship": "K.Hammer & Filat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. ischkaschimicum",
        "authorship": "Udachin & Shakhm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. jakubzineri",
        "authorship": "Puchalski & Maksimov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. japschorvi",
        "authorship": "Nigmat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. korshinskyi",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. kurduculensecompactoides",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. lutescens",
        "authorship": "(Alef.) Mansf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. maqtaense",
        "authorship": "Filat. & K.Hammer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. meridionale-inflatum",
        "authorship": "Nigmat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. milturum",
        "authorship": "(Alef.) Mansf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. mravianii",
        "authorship": "(Tumanian) Mansf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. muticum",
        "authorship": "(Alef.) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. navarrae",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. navrozkyi",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. nicolai",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. nigricolorinflatum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. pampilonae",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. plenocreticum",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. plenolutescens",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. plenolutinflatum",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. plenomilturum",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. pseudosoharicum",
        "authorship": "K.Hammer & Filat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. quasibarbarossa",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. quasiheraticum",
        "authorship": "Nigmat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. quasimeridionale-inflatum",
        "authorship": "Nigmat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. ramifera",
        "authorship": "Koric"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. ramosoalborubrum",
        "authorship": "Udachin & M.V.Novikova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. ramosomilturum",
        "authorship": "Udachin & M.V.Novikova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. robroalbum",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. rubrum",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. ruchczianum",
        "authorship": "Nigmat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. schrederi",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. soharicum",
        "authorship": "K.Hammer & Filat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. strampellii",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. subfalseerythroleucon",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. subfalsegraecum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. subtadjicorum",
        "authorship": "Udachin & Shakhm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. uralicum",
        "authorship": "L.V.Semenova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. vavilovianum",
        "authorship": "Jakubz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. vavilovii",
        "authorship": "Jakubz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. velutinum",
        "authorship": "(Schübl.) Valev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aestivum var. vigorovii",
        "authorship": "L.V.Semenova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum afghanicum",
        "authorship": "Kudr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum album",
        "authorship": "Gaertn. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum amplissifolium",
        "authorship": "Zhuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum amylosum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(Heer) Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum antiquorum var. vavilovianum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum arduinoi",
        "authorship": "Mazzuc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum arias",
        "authorship": "Clemente"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aristatum",
        "authorship": "Haller f. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aristatum unranked aestivum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schübl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum aristatum unranked hybernum",
        "authorship": "Schübl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum arundinaceum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum asiaticum",
        "authorship": "Kudr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum bengalense",
        "authorship": "P.Lawson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum bicolor",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum brachystachyon",
        "authorship": "Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum bucharicum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum burnaschewi",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum caeruleum",
        "authorship": "Ard. ex Bayle-Bar."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum cereale",
        "authorship": "Bernh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum cereale",
        "authorship": "Schrank"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum cereale var. aestivum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum cereale var. hybernum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum clavatum",
        "authorship": "Seidl ex Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum subsp. iranoasiaticum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. anatolicum",
        "authorship": "Hacizade"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. arpualtriru",
        "authorship": "Gandilyan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. baladseetense",
        "authorship": "(K.Hammer & Filat.) Filat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. bar-darai",
        "authorship": "Nigmat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. creticum",
        "authorship": "(Mazzuc.) Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. griseovavilovianum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. maqtaense",
        "authorship": "(Filat. & K.Hammer) Filat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. nepalicum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. nigmatullinii",
        "authorship": "Udachin & Shakhm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. omanense",
        "authorship": "Filat. & K.Hammer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. pseudoerinaceum",
        "authorship": "Hacizade"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. pseudosplendens",
        "authorship": "Hacizade"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. sarezicum",
        "authorship": "Nigmat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. sedabense",
        "authorship": "Filat. & K.Hammer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum compactum var. vysozkyi",
        "authorship": "Udachin & Shakhm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum creticum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum duhamelianum",
        "authorship": "Mazzuc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum duriusculum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum elymoides",
        "authorship": "Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum forskalii",
        "authorship": "Clemente"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum ghelfa",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum hexangulare",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum hieminflatum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum horstianum",
        "authorship": "Clemente"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum hybernum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum hybernum var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum ichyostachyum",
        "authorship": "Seidl ex Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum imberbe",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum imereticum",
        "authorship": "Dekapr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum inflatum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum inflatum",
        "authorship": "Kudr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum inflatum subsp. mutico-inflatum",
        "authorship": "Kudr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum koeleri",
        "authorship": "Clemente"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum labile",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum lutinflatum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum macha",
        "authorship": "Dekapr. & Menabde"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum manettianum",
        "authorship": "Mazzuc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum martius",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum mauritanicum",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum muticum unranked aestivum",
        "authorship": "Schübl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum muticum unranked hybernum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schübl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum persoonianum",
        "authorship": "Mazzuc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum pilosum",
        "authorship": "Dalzell & A.Gibson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum poltawense",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum pubescens",
        "authorship": "Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum pulverulentum",
        "authorship": "Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum quadratum",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum rossicum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum rufescens",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum rufinflatum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum f. velutinum",
        "authorship": "(Schübl.) Junge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum subsp. spelta",
        "authorship": "(L.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum subsp. vulgare",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum subvar. rubrum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. aestivum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Alph.Wood"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. album",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. brigantiacum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. capense",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. etruscum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. etruscumrobustior",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. giganteum",
        "authorship": "Nois."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. herinaceum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. hybernum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. neapolitanum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. pictetianum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. rubeolarium",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. rubescens",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. rubrumvillosum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. semibarbatum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. siculum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. sinense",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. spartheum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. trimestre",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. trimestrenanum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. trimestrevillosum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. vulgare",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. vulgare",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sativum var. vulgare",
        "authorship": "Vilm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum segetale",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sibiricum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum siliginum",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sparsum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta subsp. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Schübl.) Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta subsp. kuckuckianum",
        "authorship": "Gökgöl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta subsp. macha",
        "authorship": "(Dekapr. & Menabde) Dorof."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta subsp. muticum",
        "authorship": "(Schübl.) Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta subsp. tibetanum",
        "authorship": "(Q.Q.Shao) N.P.Gonch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta subsp. vavilovii",
        "authorship": "(Jakubz.) L.B.Cai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta subsp. yunnanense",
        "authorship": "(King ex S.L.Chen) N.P.Gonch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta unranked aestivum",
        "authorship": "Schübl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta unranked velutinum",
        "authorship": "Schübl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. albumcompactoides",
        "authorship": "Sanchez-Monge & Villena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. arduinoi",
        "authorship": "(Mazzuc.) Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. carthlicum",
        "authorship": "Zhizhil. & Berishv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. duhamelianum",
        "authorship": "(Mazzuc.) Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. griseoturanorecens",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. ispharosubbaktiaricum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. saharae",
        "authorship": "Ducell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. subbuldoji",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. tarakanovii",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. tashausicum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. turanoalborescens",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. turanoalefeldii",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. viridoalbispicatum",
        "authorship": "Jakubz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum spelta var. viridoarduinii",
        "authorship": "Jakubz. & Puchalski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum speltiforme",
        "authorship": "Seidl ex Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum",
        "authorship": "Percival"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. ischkaschimicum",
        "authorship": "Nigmat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. jakubzineri",
        "authorship": "I.T.Stankov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. kibraicum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. kostoffii",
        "authorship": "I.T.Stankov & Tsikov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. malkoffii",
        "authorship": "I.T.Stankov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. pakistanicum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. popovii",
        "authorship": "I.T.Stankov & Tsikov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. pseudoalboglabrum",
        "authorship": "B.Bochev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. pseudoalbopubescens",
        "authorship": "B.Bochev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. pseudoechinatum",
        "authorship": "B.Bochev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. pseudorubra-aristatum",
        "authorship": "B.Bochev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. rubroalbum",
        "authorship": "I.T.Stankov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sphaerococcum var. rubroaristatum",
        "authorship": "I.T.Stankov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum sunpani",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum tubalicum",
        "authorship": "Dekapr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum tustella",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii",
        "authorship": "Jakubz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. lorenze",
        "authorship": "Galst.-Avan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. mravianii",
        "authorship": "(Tumanian) Jakubz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. munuru",
        "authorship": "Gandilyan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. mupuru",
        "authorship": "Gandilyan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. ramocoeruleum",
        "authorship": "Galst.-Avan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. ramomuticum",
        "authorship": "Galst.-Avan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. rubromirabile",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. sisianicum",
        "authorship": "Galst.-Avan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. vaneum",
        "authorship": "Jakubz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. vavilovolutescens",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vavilovii var. vavilovomilturum",
        "authorship": "Udachin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum velutinum",
        "authorship": "Schübl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare",
        "authorship": "Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare f. blaringhemi",
        "authorship": "Chun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare f. chini",
        "authorship": "Chun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare subsp. hadropyrum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare subsp. irano-asiaticum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare subsp. iranoasiaticum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare subsp. sativum",
        "authorship": "Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare subsp. spelta",
        "authorship": "(L.) Körn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare subvar. inflatum",
        "authorship": "Flaksb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare subvar. karbulakianum",
        "authorship": "Anikina"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. aestivum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. albidum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. album",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "Heer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. arduinoi",
        "authorship": "(Mazzuc.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. barbarossa",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. caesium",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. clavatum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. coeruleum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. creticum",
        "authorship": "(Mazzuc.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. cyanorelutinum",
        "authorship": "Hacizade"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. duhamelianum",
        "authorship": "(Mazzuc.) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. erythrospermum",
        "authorship": "Körn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. ferrugineum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. fringillarum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. fuliginosum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. humboltii",
        "authorship": "Körn."
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      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. hybernum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. hystrix",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. icterinum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. intermedium",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. iranicum",
        "authorship": "Vavilov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. kurdistanicum",
        "authorship": "Vavilov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. lammas",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. linaza",
        "authorship": "Körn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. lutescens",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. mesopotamicum",
        "authorship": "Vavilov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. michauxii",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. miltura",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. mravianii",
        "authorship": "Tumanian"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. muticum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. nemausense",
        "authorship": "Wittm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. nigroatrum",
        "authorship": "Hacizade"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. nigroerythrospermum",
        "authorship": "Jakuschk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. pilosum",
        "authorship": "Danguy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. pyrothrix",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. rufum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. saisette",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. sericeum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. splendens",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. vavilovi",
        "authorship": "Tumanian"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. vavilovii",
        "authorship": "(Jakubz.) Tumanian"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. velutinum",
        "authorship": "(Schübl.) Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. villosum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. vulpinum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. vulpinum",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. wernerianum",
        "authorship": "Körn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum vulgare var. xanthura",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum zea",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zeia spelta",
        "authorship": "(L.) Lunell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zeia vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Lunell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva",
        "authorship": "Lunell"
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_wheat"
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        },
        "attribution": "Matt Lavin, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "IRN",
      "LBS",
      "PAL",
      "TCS",
      "TUR",
      "IND",
      "PAK",
      "WHM"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 129,
    "n_annotated": 498,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      3,
      1,
      5,
      25,
      29,
      32,
      24,
      3,
      0,
      3,
      3,
      1
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      8,
      6,
      15,
      56,
      90,
      123,
      123,
      30,
      18,
      11,
      15,
      3
    ],
    "share": [
      0.375,
      0.1667,
      0.3333,
      0.4464,
      0.3222,
      0.2602,
      0.1951,
      0.1,
      0,
      0.2727,
      0.2,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.1368,
        0.6943
      ],
      [
        0.0301,
        0.5635
      ],
      [
        0.1518,
        0.5829
      ],
      [
        0.3239,
        0.5759
      ],
      [
        0.2347,
        0.4243
      ],
      [
        0.1907,
        0.3441
      ],
      [
        0.1348,
        0.2739
      ],
      [
        0.0346,
        0.2562
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1759
      ],
      [
        0.0975,
        0.5657
      ],
      [
        0.0705,
        0.4519
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 4,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 358,
      "by_month": [
        6,
        4,
        10,
        28,
        55,
        95,
        95,
        27,
        18,
        8,
        10,
        2
      ],
      "share": [
        0.75,
        0.6667,
        0.6667,
        0.5,
        0.6111,
        0.7724,
        0.7724,
        0.9,
        1,
        0.7273,
        0.6667,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.4093,
          0.9285
        ],
        [
          0.3,
          0.9032
        ],
        [
          0.4171,
          0.8482
        ],
        [
          0.3733,
          0.6267
        ],
        [
          0.5078,
          0.7053
        ],
        [
          0.6907,
          0.8375
        ],
        [
          0.6907,
          0.8375
        ],
        [
          0.7438,
          0.9654
        ],
        [
          0.8241,
          1
        ],
        [
          0.4343,
          0.9025
        ],
        [
          0.4171,
          0.8482
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual or biennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 4.7,
      "median": 10,
      "p95": 18.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 366.5,
      "median": 754.5,
      "p95": 1080.1
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 19.2,
      "median": 24.3,
      "p95": 33.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -13.1,
      "median": -3.1,
      "p95": 6.9
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 458.4,
      "median": 772.6,
      "p95": 1439.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.4,
      "median": 26.2,
      "p95": 82.2
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 20.3,
      "median": 128.1,
      "p95": 271.9
    },
    "n": 2030,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2030 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/triticum-aestivum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}