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  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "trema-orientale",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000457758",
    "inat_taxon_id": 147425
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Trema orientale",
    "authorship": "(L.) Blume",
    "genus": "Trema",
    "epithet": "orientale",
    "family": "Cannabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Mus. Bot.  2: 62 (1856)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:856758-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Oriental trema",
      "english": [
        "Oriental trema"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Celtis commersonii",
        "authorship": "Brongn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Celtis glomerata",
        "authorship": "Hochst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Celtis guineensis",
        "authorship": "Schumach. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Celtis guineensis var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Schumach."
      },
      {
        "name": "Celtis laeta",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Celtis madagascariensis",
        "authorship": "Bojer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Celtis orientalis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Celtis rigida",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Colubrina leschenaultii",
        "authorship": "(DC.) G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia affinis",
        "authorship": "Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia africana",
        "authorship": "Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia andaresa",
        "authorship": "Comm. ex Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia argentea",
        "authorship": "Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia bracteolata",
        "authorship": "Hochst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia commersonii",
        "authorship": "Decne. ex Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia glomerata",
        "authorship": "Hochst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia guineensis",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia hochstetteri",
        "authorship": "Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia lucida",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia nitens",
        "authorship": "Hook.f. ex Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia orientalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Decne. ex Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia orientalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Decne."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia orientalis var. affinis",
        "authorship": "(Planch.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia orientalis var. asperata",
        "authorship": "Solms ex Schweinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia orientalis var. commersonii",
        "authorship": "(Decne. ex Planch.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia rigida",
        "authorship": "(Blume) Decne. ex Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia scaberrima",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia strigosa",
        "authorship": "Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sponia wightii",
        "authorship": "Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema affine",
        "authorship": "(Planch.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema africanum",
        "authorship": "(Planch.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema argenteum",
        "authorship": "(Planch.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema bracteolatum",
        "authorship": "(Hochst.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema burmanni",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema commersonii",
        "authorship": "(Decne. ex Planch.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema glomeratum",
        "authorship": "(Hochst.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema grevei",
        "authorship": "Baill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema griseum",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema guineense",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Ficalho"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema guineense f. strigosum",
        "authorship": "Büttner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema guineense var. asperatum",
        "authorship": "(Solms ex Schweinf.) Cufod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema guineense var. hochstetteri",
        "authorship": "(Planch.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema guineense var. paucinervium",
        "authorship": "Hauman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema guineensis",
        "authorship": "(Schum. & Thonn.) Ficalho"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema hochstetteri",
        "authorship": "(Planch.) Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema nitens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.f. ex Planch.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema orientale var. argenteum",
        "authorship": "(Planch.) Lauterb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema orientale var. bicornis",
        "authorship": "de Wit"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema orientale var. rigidum",
        "authorship": "(Blume) Lauterb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema polygama",
        "authorship": "Z.M.Wu & J.Y.Lin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema rigidum",
        "authorship": "(Blume) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema scaberrimum",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema sieberi",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema strigosum",
        "authorship": "(Planch.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trema wightii",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_orientale"
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        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KZN",
        "name": "Kazan-retto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BIS",
        "name": "Bismarck Archipelago",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "COO",
        "name": "Cook Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUE",
        "name": "Niue",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCZ",
        "name": "Santa Cruz Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 75,
    "n_annotated": 206,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      7,
      4,
      12,
      12,
      5,
      4,
      3,
      6,
      6,
      5,
      3,
      8
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      15,
      14,
      18,
      31,
      13,
      14,
      22,
      10,
      14,
      18,
      13,
      24
    ],
    "share": [
      0.4667,
      0.2857,
      0.6667,
      0.3871,
      0.3846,
      0.2857,
      0.1364,
      0.6,
      0.4286,
      0.2778,
      0.2308,
      0.3333
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.2481,
        0.6988
      ],
      [
        0.1172,
        0.5465
      ],
      [
        0.4375,
        0.8372
      ],
      [
        0.2373,
        0.5618
      ],
      [
        0.1771,
        0.6448
      ],
      [
        0.1172,
        0.5465
      ],
      [
        0.0475,
        0.3334
      ],
      [
        0.3127,
        0.8318
      ],
      [
        0.2138,
        0.6741
      ],
      [
        0.125,
        0.5087
      ],
      [
        0.0818,
        0.5026
      ],
      [
        0.1797,
        0.5329
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 3,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 90,
      "by_month": [
        8,
        5,
        5,
        15,
        8,
        10,
        17,
        4,
        2,
        5,
        4,
        7
      ],
      "share": [
        0.5333,
        0.3571,
        0.2778,
        0.4839,
        0.6154,
        0.7143,
        0.7727,
        0.4,
        0.1429,
        0.2778,
        0.3077,
        0.2917
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.3012,
          0.7519
        ],
        [
          0.1634,
          0.6124
        ],
        [
          0.125,
          0.5087
        ],
        [
          0.3197,
          0.6516
        ],
        [
          0.3552,
          0.8229
        ],
        [
          0.4535,
          0.8828
        ],
        [
          0.5656,
          0.8988
        ],
        [
          0.1682,
          0.6873
        ],
        [
          0.0401,
          0.3994
        ],
        [
          0.125,
          0.5087
        ],
        [
          0.1268,
          0.5763
        ],
        [
          0.1491,
          0.4917
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 7
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/trema-orientale/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}