{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/trapa-natans/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "trapa-natans",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000458183",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169900
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Trapa natans",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Trapa",
    "epithet": "natans",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 120 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:614405-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Jesuit's nut",
      "english": [
        "Jesuit's nut",
        "Water Chestnut",
        "Water caltrop",
        "water chestnut"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Trapa acicularis",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa acornis",
        "authorship": "Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa alatyrica",
        "authorship": "Sprygin ex V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa algeriensis",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa amurensis",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa amurensis var. bispinosa",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa amurensis var. komarovii",
        "authorship": "Skvortsov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa annosa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa annosa f. bicornis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa annosa f. erecticornis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa annosa f. pseudomuzzanensis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa araborum",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa arcuata",
        "authorship": "S.H.Li & Y.L.Chang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa astrachanica",
        "authorship": "(Flerow) N.A.Winter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa astrachanica var. caspica",
        "authorship": "(V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa austroafricana",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis",
        "authorship": "Osbeck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis var. acornis",
        "authorship": "(Nakano) Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis var. bispinosa",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis var. cochinchinensis",
        "authorship": "(Lour.) Steenis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis var. iwasakii",
        "authorship": "Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis var. jinumae",
        "authorship": "(Nakano) Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis var. makinosa",
        "authorship": "(Nakano) Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis var. quadrispinosa",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bicornis var. taiwanensis",
        "authorship": "(Nakai) Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bispinosa",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bispinosa var. cochinchinensis",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bispinosa var. iinumae",
        "authorship": "Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bispinosa var. iwasakii",
        "authorship": "Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bispinosa var. jinumae",
        "authorship": "Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa bispinosa var. makinoa",
        "authorship": "Nakano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa borysthenica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa f. effigia",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa f. miniata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa f. muzzanensoides",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa f. perexcelsa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa f. perexcelsa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa f. quadrata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa subsp. calosa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa subsp. rubida",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa var. delicata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa brevicarpa var. mirabila",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa carinthiaca",
        "authorship": "(Beck) V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa caspica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa castanea",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa caucasica",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa caucasica f. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa caucasica var. colchica",
        "authorship": "(Albov) Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa caucasica var. tanaitica",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa chinensis",
        "authorship": "Lour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa chinensis",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa chinensis var. flerovii",
        "authorship": "Skvortsov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa chinensis var. manshurica",
        "authorship": "Skvortsov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa cochinchinensis",
        "authorship": "Lour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa colchica",
        "authorship": "Albov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa congolensis",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa conocarpa",
        "authorship": "(F.Aresch.) Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa conocarpa var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "(V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa conocarpa var. suecica",
        "authorship": "(Nath.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa cruciata",
        "authorship": "(Glück) V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa danubialis",
        "authorship": "Dobrocz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa dimorphocarpa",
        "authorship": "Z.S.Diao"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa europaea",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa europaea var. clipeata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa europaea var. egregia",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa europaea var. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa europaea var. vulgata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa fastigiata",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa flerovii",
        "authorship": "Dobrocz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa grozdovii",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil. ex V.N.Tikhom."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa hungarica",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa incisa var. quadricaudata",
        "authorship": "Glück"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa insperata",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa jankovicii",
        "authorship": "Tacik"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa japonica",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa japonica var. jeholensis",
        "authorship": "(Nakai) Kitag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa japonica var. longicollum",
        "authorship": "Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa japonica var. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa japonica var. magnicorona",
        "authorship": "Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa japonica var. oblonga",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa japonica var. tuberculifera",
        "authorship": "(V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa jeholensis",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa kasachstanica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa kazakorum",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa komarovii",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa komarovii var. tetracorna",
        "authorship": "A.I.Baranov & Skvortzov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa korshinskyi",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa krauselii",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa laevis",
        "authorship": "C.Presl ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa litwinowii",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa litwinowii var. chihuensis",
        "authorship": "S.F.Guan & Q.Lang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. alticarpa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. amplicornis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. arcuata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. bicornis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. bicornis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. bicornis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. brevicola",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. columnifera",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. concamerata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. coronatoides",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. depressa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. depressa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. depressa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. elata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. elongata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. falcata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. perangusticornis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. producticarpa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. pseudomuzzanensis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. subcoronata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. tesselata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa f. turgida",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa subsp. perlongicornis",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa subsp. valida",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa subvar. miniata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa var. contortula",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa var. loricata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa var. mammeata",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa var. rubra",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicarpa var. spatiosa",
        "authorship": "Janković"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa longicornis",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa macrorhiza",
        "authorship": "Dobrocz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa maeotica",
        "authorship": "Woronow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa maleevii",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa manshurica",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa manshurica f. komarovii",
        "authorship": "(Skvortsov) S.H.Li & Y.L.Chang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa manshurica var. bispinosa",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa manshurica var. rubra",
        "authorship": "Pshenn. & Kozhevnikova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa manshurica var. tranzschelii",
        "authorship": "(V.N.Vassil.) Kitag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa maximowiczii",
        "authorship": "Korsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa maximowiczii var. brevispina",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa maximowiczii var. tenuis",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa media",
        "authorship": "(Glück) V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa metschorica",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa muzzanensis",
        "authorship": "Jäggi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa muzzanensis var. europaea",
        "authorship": "Tacik"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans f. quadrispinosa",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans f. suecica",
        "authorship": "Nath."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. amurensis",
        "authorship": "(Flerow) Kom."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. bicornis",
        "authorship": "(Osbeck) Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. bohemica",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. borysthenica",
        "authorship": "(V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. carinthiaca",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. complana",
        "authorship": "(Z.T.Xiong) B.Y.Ding & X.F.Jin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. conocarpa",
        "authorship": "F.Aresch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. europaea",
        "authorship": "(Flerow) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. glaberrima",
        "authorship": "Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. hamata",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. komarovii",
        "authorship": "(Skvortsov) B.Y.Ding & X.F.Jin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. pumila",
        "authorship": "Nakano ex Verdc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. rubeola",
        "authorship": "Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. surajensis",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. suroshensis",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa natans var. verbanensis",
        "authorship": "(De Not.) Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa numidica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa okensis",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pectinata",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa potaninii",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudincisa",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudincisa var. aspinta",
        "authorship": "Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudincisa var. complana",
        "authorship": "Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudincisa var. nanchangensis",
        "authorship": "W.H.Wan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudincisa var. potaninii",
        "authorship": "(V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudocolchica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudoincisa",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudoincisa var. aspinosa",
        "authorship": "Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudoincisa var. complana",
        "authorship": "Z.T.Xiong"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pseudorossica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa quadricornis",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa quadrispinosa",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa quadrispinosa var. yongxiuensis",
        "authorship": "W.H.Wan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa raciborskii",
        "authorship": "Jent.-Szaf. ex Tacik"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa rossica",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa rossica var. pseudorossica",
        "authorship": "(V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa saissanica",
        "authorship": "(Flerow) V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa sajanensis",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa septentrionalis",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa sibirica",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa sibirica var. altaica",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa sibirica var. saisanica",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa sibirica var. ussuriensis",
        "authorship": "Flerow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa spryginii",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa taiwanensis",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa tranzschelii",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa tuberculifera",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa turbinata",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa ucrainica",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa uralensis",
        "authorship": "P.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa verbanensis",
        "authorship": "De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trapa wolgensis",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tribulus aquaticus",
        "authorship": "Garsault"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_caltrop"
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        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 41,
    "n_annotated": 408,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      8,
      14,
      16,
      2,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      11,
      7,
      24,
      39,
      37,
      66,
      78,
      58,
      47,
      21,
      14,
      6
    ],
    "share": [
      0.0909,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0.1212,
      0.1795,
      0.2759,
      0.0426,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.0162,
        0.3774
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3543
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.138
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0897
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0941
      ],
      [
        0.0627,
        0.2214
      ],
      [
        0.11,
        0.279
      ],
      [
        0.1775,
        0.402
      ],
      [
        0.0117,
        0.1425
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1546
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2153
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3903
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 8,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 234,
      "by_month": [
        10,
        6,
        22,
        36,
        23,
        24,
        38,
        26,
        24,
        11,
        9,
        5
      ],
      "share": [
        0.9091,
        0.8571,
        0.9167,
        0.9231,
        0.6216,
        0.3636,
        0.4872,
        0.4483,
        0.5106,
        0.5238,
        0.6429,
        0.8333
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.6226,
          0.9838
        ],
        [
          0.4869,
          0.9743
        ],
        [
          0.7415,
          0.9768
        ],
        [
          0.7968,
          0.9735
        ],
        [
          0.461,
          0.7594
        ],
        [
          0.2581,
          0.4842
        ],
        [
          0.3795,
          0.5961
        ],
        [
          0.3275,
          0.5755
        ],
        [
          0.3724,
          0.6472
        ],
        [
          0.3237,
          0.7166
        ],
        [
          0.3876,
          0.8366
        ],
        [
          0.4365,
          0.9699
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 4
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "hydroannual",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 5,
      "median": 10.2,
      "p95": 17
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 619.9,
      "median": 882.7,
      "p95": 1082.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23,
      "median": 26.4,
      "p95": 31
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -13,
      "median": -6.2,
      "p95": 4.5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 525.7,
      "median": 869.7,
      "p95": 1483.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 8.9,
      "median": 24.3,
      "p95": 74.6
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 53.8,
      "median": 127.7,
      "p95": 297.5
    },
    "n": 1930,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1930 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/trapa-natans/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}