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  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "trachypogon-spicatus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000903926",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169858
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Trachypogon spicatus",
    "authorship": "(L.f.) Kuntze",
    "genus": "Trachypogon",
    "epithet": "spicatus",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 794 (1891)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:424391-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "spiked crinkleawn",
      "english": [
        "spiked crinkleawn"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Andropogon angustifolius",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon canescens",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon canus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon dactyloides",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon digitatus",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon dissolutus",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon fundaensis",
        "authorship": "Vanderyst"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon laxiflorus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon ligularis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon megapotamicus",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon mollis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon montufarii",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon plumosus",
        "authorship": "Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon secundus",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon spicatus",
        "authorship": "(L.f.) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon stenophyllus",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon stipoides",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon tortus",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon trichospirus",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon truncatus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon vestitus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon megapotamicus",
        "authorship": "(Spreng.) Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon secundus",
        "authorship": "J.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon stipoides",
        "authorship": "J.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon truncatus",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Milium strictum",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sorghum plumosum",
        "authorship": "(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sorghum vestitum",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stipa spicata",
        "authorship": "Walter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stipa spicata",
        "authorship": "L.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon angustifolius",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon canescens",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon capensis",
        "authorship": "Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon capensis subvar. mollis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon capensis subvar. montufarii",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon dactyloides",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon dactyloides",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) E.Fourn. ex Hemsl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon densus",
        "authorship": "Swallen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon dissolutus",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon durus",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon glaucescens",
        "authorship": "Pilg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon gouinii",
        "authorship": "E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon gracilis",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon gracilis var. ciliatus",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon gracilis var. hirtus",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon involutus",
        "authorship": "Pilg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon karwinskyi",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Nash"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon ligularis",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon mayaensis",
        "authorship": "Wipff & S.D.Jones"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon micans",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon mollis",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon montufari var. bolivianus",
        "authorship": "(Pilg.) Pilg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon montufarii",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon montufarii var. grandiflorus",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon montufarii var. mollis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon montufarii var. mollis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Burkart"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon montufarii var. montufarii",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon montufarii var. pauciflorus",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon montufarii var. pilosus",
        "authorship": "E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon muelleri",
        "authorship": "E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon palmeri",
        "authorship": "Nash"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon parviflorus",
        "authorship": "Swallen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon planifolius",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon plumosus",
        "authorship": "(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon plumosus subvar. secundus",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon plumosus var. montufarii",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon plumosus var. secundus",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Beetle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus subvar. capensis",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus subvar. dactyloides",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus subvar. dissolutus",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus subvar. gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Andersson) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus subvar. ligularis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus subvar. mollis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus subvar. secundus",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. bolivianus",
        "authorship": "Pilg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. canescens",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. dissolutus",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. gouinii",
        "authorship": "(E.Fourn.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. karwinskyi",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. ligularis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. montufarii",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. plumosus",
        "authorship": "(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. thollonii",
        "authorship": "Franch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon polymorphus var. truncatus",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon preslii",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon preslii f. preslii",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon preslii f. secundus",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon preslii var. secundus",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon ramosus",
        "authorship": "Swallen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon rigidifolius",
        "authorship": "Swallen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon secundus",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Scribn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon stenophyllus",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon thollonii",
        "authorship": "(Franch.) Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon truncatus",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trachypogon violaceus",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      }
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      "GUY",
      "HON",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PAR",
      "PER",
      "SUR",
      "TRT",
      "URU",
      "VEN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPV",
        "name": "Caprivi Strip",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZC",
        "name": "Brazil West-Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAR",
        "name": "Paraguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "URU",
        "name": "Uruguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 11,
    "n_annotated": 15,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 11 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/trachypogon-spicatus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}