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  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "tofieldia-coccinea",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000748423",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169782
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Tofieldia coccinea",
    "authorship": "Richardson",
    "genus": "Tofieldia",
    "epithet": "coccinea",
    "family": "Tofieldiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Narr. Journey Polar Sea : 736 (1823)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:542259-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "northern asphodel",
      "english": [
        "northern asphodel"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Asphodeliris gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asphodeliris nutans",
        "authorship": "(Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asphodeliris sordida",
        "authorship": "(Maxim.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Asphodeliris stenantha",
        "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia akkana",
        "authorship": "T.Shimizu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia calyculata var. camtschatcensis",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia coccinea f. fusca",
        "authorship": "(Miyabe & Kudô) Q.S.Sun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia coccinea f. pallescens",
        "authorship": "H.Hara"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia coccinea f. rishiriensis",
        "authorship": "(Miyabe & Kudô) Sugim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia coccinea var. fauriei",
        "authorship": "T.Yamaz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia coccinea var. fusca",
        "authorship": "(Miyabe & Kudô) H.Hara"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia coccinea var. major",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia fauriei",
        "authorship": "H.Lév. & Vaniot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia fusca",
        "authorship": "Miyabe & Kudô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia fusca f. rishiriensis",
        "authorship": "Miyabe & Kudô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia fusca var. kondoi",
        "authorship": "(Miyabe & Kudô) Tatew."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia gracilis",
        "authorship": "Franch. & Sav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia kiusiana",
        "authorship": "Okuyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia kiusiana var. geibiensis",
        "authorship": "M.Kikuchi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia kondoi",
        "authorship": "Miyabe & Kudô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia nutans",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia nutans f. atroviolacea",
        "authorship": "Krylov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia nutans f. rufescens",
        "authorship": "Tatew."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia nutans var. fusca",
        "authorship": "(Miyabe & Kudô) Koidz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia nutans var. gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia nutans var. kiusiana",
        "authorship": "(Okuyama) Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia nutans var. kondoi",
        "authorship": "(Miyabe & Kudô) H.Hara"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia nutans var. sordida",
        "authorship": "(Maxim.) T.Shimizu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia sibirica",
        "authorship": "Adams"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia sordida",
        "authorship": "Maxim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia sphaerocephala",
        "authorship": "(Khokhr.) A.P.Khokhr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia stenantha",
        "authorship": "Franch. & Sav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia taqueti",
        "authorship": "H.Lév. & Vaniot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia yezoensis",
        "authorship": "Miyabe & Kudô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tofieldia yezoensis var. okushirensis",
        "authorship": "Tatew."
      }
    ],
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    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
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        "code": "AMU",
        "name": "Amur",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
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      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTA",
        "name": "Chita",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAM",
        "name": "Kamchatka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KHA",
        "name": "Khabarovsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAG",
        "name": "Magadan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PRM",
        "name": "Primorye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAK",
        "name": "Sakhalin",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASK",
        "name": "Alaska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALU",
        "name": "Aleutian Is.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNL",
        "name": "Greenland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWT",
        "name": "Northwest Territories",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUN",
        "name": "Nunavut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUK",
        "name": "Yukon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 12,
    "n_annotated": 13,
    "sufficient": false
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial or rhizomatous geophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
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  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/tofieldia-coccinea/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}