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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/tilia-platyphyllos/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-11",
  "id": {
    "slug": "tilia-platyphyllos",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000456948",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169761
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Tilia platyphyllos",
    "authorship": "Scop.",
    "genus": "Tilia",
    "epithet": "platyphyllos",
    "family": "Malvaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "()",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Large-leaved Lime",
      "english": [
        "Large-leaved Lime",
        "large-leaved lime",
        "largeleaf linden"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Tilia aenobarba",
        "authorship": "Borbás & Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia affinis",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia angulata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia apiculata",
        "authorship": "Court"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia aspleniifolia",
        "authorship": "Bayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia barbata",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia beaumontii",
        "authorship": "G.Nicholson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia beaumontii var. pendula",
        "authorship": "C.Pynaert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia bicuspidata",
        "authorship": "Court."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia bohemica",
        "authorship": "Ortm. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia caucasica f. seiunctobracteata",
        "authorship": "Vöröss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia collivaga",
        "authorship": "Heinr.Braun ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia communis",
        "authorship": "K.F.Schimp. & Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia corallina",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia corallina var. subangulata",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia cordifolia",
        "authorship": "Besser"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia corinthiaca",
        "authorship": "Bosc ex K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia corylifolia",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia corymbosa",
        "authorship": "Ortmann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia cucullata",
        "authorship": "Jacq. ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia europaea var. aurea",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia europaea var. corallina",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia europaea var. laciniata",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia europaea var. rubra",
        "authorship": "Weston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia euryptera",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia filicifolia",
        "authorship": "V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia flava",
        "authorship": "Wolny ex Rochel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia flavescens",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia handsworthiensis",
        "authorship": "V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia haringiana",
        "authorship": "Dörfl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia hazslinszkyana",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia hollandica",
        "authorship": "hort. ex K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia hostiana",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia illyrica",
        "authorship": "(Maly) Degen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia intermedia",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia latifolia",
        "authorship": "hort. ex K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia lucida",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia macropoda",
        "authorship": "Court."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia magyarica",
        "authorship": "J.Wagner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia mellita",
        "authorship": "C.Presl ex Bayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia mollis",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia mutabilis",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia nickerlii",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia nitens",
        "authorship": "Heinr.Braun ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia obliqua",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia obliquifolia",
        "authorship": "Ortm. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia oblongata",
        "authorship": "Court."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia ovata",
        "authorship": "Ortmann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia pauciflora",
        "authorship": "Hayne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia pilosa",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphylla",
        "authorship": "C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphylla var. rubra",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos f. aurea",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos f. fastigiata",
        "authorship": "Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos f. grandibracteata",
        "authorship": "Vöröss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos f. laciniata",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos f. pseudotrichogyna",
        "authorship": "Vöröss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos prol. spectabilis",
        "authorship": "(Host ex Bayer) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos subsp. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Vollm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos var. illyrica",
        "authorship": "K.Malý"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos var. longepedunculata",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "G.Kirchn. ex Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos var. rubra",
        "authorship": "(Weston) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos var. subangulata",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Geerinck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyphyllos var. vitifolia",
        "authorship": "(Host) Simonk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia platyptera",
        "authorship": "Court."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia preslii",
        "authorship": "Ortmann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia pseudocorallina",
        "authorship": "Simonk. ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia pseudorubra",
        "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) J.Wagner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia purpurascens",
        "authorship": "hort. ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia pyramidalis var. pinetorum",
        "authorship": "Heinr.Braun ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia rubra",
        "authorship": "(Weston) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia rubra var. praecox",
        "authorship": "(Host) V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia serratifolia",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia sitnensis",
        "authorship": "Kmet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia speciosa",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia spectabilis",
        "authorship": "Host ex Bayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia spectabilis var. moltkei",
        "authorship": "Späth ex C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia sphaerocarpa",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia sphenolepis",
        "authorship": "Borbás ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia stenocarpa",
        "authorship": "Borbás ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia steveniana",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia stipulata",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia suberiocarpa",
        "authorship": "Borbás ex V.Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia subflavescens",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia tenuifolia",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia translucens",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia trichoclados",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia triflora",
        "authorship": "Puerari"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia triflora",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Bayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia tucekii",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia turbinata",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tilia variegata",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      }
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        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 14,
    "n_annotated": 100,
    "sufficient": false,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 33,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        2,
        2,
        0,
        2,
        1,
        6,
        11,
        3,
        3,
        2,
        1
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0.1,
        0.0556,
        0.5,
        0.7857,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.1611
        ],
        [
          0.0279,
          0.301
        ],
        [
          0.0099,
          0.2576
        ],
        [
          0.2538,
          0.7462
        ],
        [
          0.5241,
          0.9243
        ],
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 5.3,
      "median": 9.5,
      "p95": 12.7
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 420.8,
      "median": 696,
      "p95": 959.1
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 19.7,
      "median": 23.1,
      "p95": 26.3
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -10.9,
      "median": -3.5,
      "p95": 3.1
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 579.9,
      "median": 789.2,
      "p95": 1453.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.8,
      "median": 28.1,
      "p95": 45.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 94.8,
      "median": 135.6,
      "p95": 265.6
    },
    "n": 1839,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1839 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 14 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/tilia-platyphyllos/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}