{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/thymelaea-tarton-raira/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "thymelaea-tarton-raira",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000457573",
    "inat_taxon_id": 1608100
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Thymelaea tarton-raira",
    "authorship": "(L.) All.",
    "genus": "Thymelaea",
    "epithet": "tarton-raira",
    "family": "Thymelaeaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Pedem.  1: 133 (1785)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:833021-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Chlamydanthus argenteus",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chlamydanthus tarton-raira",
        "authorship": "(L.) C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chlamydanthus tarton-raira var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(d'Urv.) Raulin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Daphne argentea",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Daphne candicans",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Daphne myrtifolia",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Daphne osyroides",
        "authorship": "Vahl ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Daphne tarton-raira",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Daphne tarton-raira var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "d'Urv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Daphne thomasii",
        "authorship": "(Duby) Boullu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Daphne tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Giardia tarton-raira",
        "authorship": "(L.) C.Gerber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tarton-raira",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tarton-raira f. valentina",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tarton-raira f. virescens",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tarton-raira var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tarton-raira var. calvescens",
        "authorship": "Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tartonraira f. virescens",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tartonraira var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tartonraira var. calvescens",
        "authorship": "Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tartonraira var. valentina",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina thomasii",
        "authorship": "Duby"
      },
      {
        "name": "Passerina tomentosa",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Wikstr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stellera tartonrairae",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tartonia cuneifolia",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tartonia obovata",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Rivas Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea argentea",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) Endl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea myrtifolia",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) D.A.Webb"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira subsp. linnaei",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira subsp. thomasii",
        "authorship": "(Duby) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira subsp. transiens",
        "authorship": "(Briq.) Gamisans"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira subvar. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "A.Reyn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira subvar. transiens",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira subvar. valentina",
        "authorship": "(Pau) Litard."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(d'Urv.) Meisn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. calvescens",
        "authorship": "(Gren. & Godr.) Meisn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. candiliana",
        "authorship": "Beauverd & Topali"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. linearifolia",
        "authorship": "Kit Tan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. tarton-raira",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. thomasii",
        "authorship": "(Duby) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. thomasii",
        "authorship": "(Duby) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tarton-raira var. transiens",
        "authorship": "(Briq.) Kit Tan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tartonraira subsp. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Rivas Goday & Esteve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tartonraira var. argentea",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) Airy Shaw & Turrill"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tartonraira var. calvescens",
        "authorship": "(Gren. & Godr.) Meisn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tartonraira var. thomasii",
        "authorship": "(Duby) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea thomasii",
        "authorship": "Endl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea thomasii var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea thomasii var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea tomentosa",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Endl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thymelaea valentina",
        "authorship": "(Pau) Rivas Mart."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 18,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 174962264,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eleftherioskats",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11efe2b8-e52d-4fed-bb0c-48b63acbcfda",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-05",
        "lat": 36.4,
        "lon": 28.206,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/174962264/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/174962264/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/174962264/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/174962264/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eleftherios Katsillis, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 115653950,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eleftherioskats",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b43333d9-a627-41e3-96c4-5db54ae9eda6",
        "observed_on": "2021-03-12",
        "lat": 36.425,
        "lon": 28.202,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/115653950/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/115653950/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/115653950/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/115653950/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eleftherios Katsillis, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 7343266,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Quentin Groom",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/qgroom",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2bb29e2d-b603-43c9-94ac-b902b5f57bde",
        "observed_on": "2017-04-21",
        "lat": 37.13,
        "lon": -3.51,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 686
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/7343266/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/7343266/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/7343266/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/7343266/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Quentin Groom, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 7340680,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Quentin Groom",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/qgroom",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/fa50a183-a165-4de6-b4b5-68f36271ce38",
        "observed_on": "2017-04-21",
        "lat": 37.13,
        "lon": -3.51,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 686
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/7340680/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/7340680/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/7340680/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/7340680/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Quentin Groom, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 174962280,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eleftherioskats",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11efe2b8-e52d-4fed-bb0c-48b63acbcfda",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-05",
        "lat": 36.4,
        "lon": 28.206,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/174962280/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/174962280/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/174962280/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/174962280/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eleftherios Katsillis, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 115654016,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eleftherioskats",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b43333d9-a627-41e3-96c4-5db54ae9eda6",
        "observed_on": "2021-03-12",
        "lat": 36.425,
        "lon": 28.202,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/115654016/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/115654016/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/115654016/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/115654016/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eleftherios Katsillis, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 194403386,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Denis Bastianelli",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/dbastia",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f6060560-de73-4080-9487-f283e51b20ca",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-03",
        "lat": 40.627,
        "lon": 14.522,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194403386/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194403386/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194403386/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194403386/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Denis Bastianelli, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 12998481,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "aroche",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/aroche",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9d6ee689-7c35-49b8-9df3-97ffd7e77c4c",
        "observed_on": "2013-05-01",
        "lat": 43.211,
        "lon": 5.354,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/12998481/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/12998481/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/12998481/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/12998481/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "aroche, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "MOR",
      "TUN",
      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "TUR",
      "COR",
      "FRA",
      "GRC",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "SPA",
      "TUE"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "subshrub",
    "climate": "subtropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": null,
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "climate_envelope",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/thymelaea-tarton-raira/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}