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  "last_modified": "2025-11-13",
  "id": {
    "slug": "thelocactus-bicolor",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001287169",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169680
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Thelocactus bicolor",
    "authorship": "(Galeotti ex Pfeiff.) Britton & Rose",
    "genus": "Thelocactus",
    "epithet": "bicolor",
    "family": "Cactaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 49: 251. 1922.",
    "protologue_url": "https://caryophyllales.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/fd2a778d-1495-42d1-abec-ab40e16fb76a",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Glory of Texas",
      "english": [
        "Glory of Texas",
        "Straw Thelocactus",
        "glory of Texas"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bicolor",
        "authorship": "Galeotti ex Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bicolor f. bolaensis",
        "authorship": "(Runge) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bicolor f. tricolor",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bicolor var. bolaensis",
        "authorship": "(Runge) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bicolor var. montemorelanus",
        "authorship": "F.A.C.Weber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bicolor var. schottii",
        "authorship": "Engelm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bicolor var. tricolor",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bicolor var. typicus",
        "authorship": "Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus bolaensis",
        "authorship": "Runge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus ellipticus",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus heterochromus",
        "authorship": "F.A.C.Weber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus rhodophthalmus",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus rhodophthalmus var. ellipticus",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus schottii",
        "authorship": "Small"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus tricolor",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocactus wagnerianus",
        "authorship": "A.Berger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinocereus bolansis",
        "authorship": "Runge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ferocactus bicolor",
        "authorship": "(Galeotti ex Pfeiff.) N.P.Taylor"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ferocactus bicolor var. bolaensis",
        "authorship": "(Runge) N.P.Taylor"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ferocactus bicolor var. flavidispinus",
        "authorship": "(Backeb.) N.P.Taylor"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ferocactus bicolor var. schwarzii",
        "authorship": "(Backeb.) N.P.Taylor"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ferocactus heterochromus",
        "authorship": "(F.A.C.Weber) N.P.Taylor"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor subsp. commodus",
        "authorship": "(R.Haas) Doweld"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor subsp. swobodae",
        "authorship": "Halda & Horáček"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor subsp. zwakii",
        "authorship": "Chvastek & Halda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. bicolor",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. bolaensis",
        "authorship": "(Runge) A.Berger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. commodus",
        "authorship": "R.Haas"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. flavidispinus",
        "authorship": "Backeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. schottii",
        "authorship": "(Engelm.) Krainz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. schwarzii",
        "authorship": "(Backeb.) E.F.Anderson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. texensis",
        "authorship": "Backeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. tricolor",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) F.M.Knuth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus bicolor var. wagnerianus",
        "authorship": "(A.Berger) Krainz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus flavidispinus",
        "authorship": "(Backeb.) Backeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus heterochromus",
        "authorship": "(F.A.C.Weber) Oosten"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus schottii",
        "authorship": "(Engelm.) Kladiwa & Fittkau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus schwarzii",
        "authorship": "Backeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thelocactus wagnerianus",
        "authorship": "A.Berger"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelocactus_bicolor"
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      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/thelocactus-bicolor/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}