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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/thalictrum-minus/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "thalictrum-minus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000453930",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169662
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Thalictrum minus",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Thalictrum",
    "epithet": "minus",
    "family": "Ranunculaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 546 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "lesser meadow-rue",
      "english": [
        "lesser meadow-rue"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum abortivum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum acuminatum",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum adianthifolium",
        "authorship": "Besser ex Eichw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum afrum",
        "authorship": "Eckl. & Zeyh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum agreste",
        "authorship": "Kar. & Kir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum ambiguum",
        "authorship": "Schleich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum amplissimum",
        "authorship": "H.Lév. & Vaniot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum apiculatum",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum apiifolium",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum armenum",
        "authorship": "K.Koch ex Lecoy."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum arnaudiae",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum barthii",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum billotii",
        "authorship": "F.Schultz. ex Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum brevepubens",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum buschianum",
        "authorship": "Kem.-Nath."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum caffrum",
        "authorship": "Eckl. & Zeyh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum capillare",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum ceraiense",
        "authorship": "Matsum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum chionophyllum",
        "authorship": "Nakai ex Maekawa"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum collinum var. ledebourianum",
        "authorship": "(C.A.Mey.) Kem.-Nath."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum comosum",
        "authorship": "Fries ex Lecoy."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum concinnum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum convexum",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Lecoy."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum cruciatum",
        "authorship": "Schrad. ex Lecoy."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum csatoi",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum davuricum",
        "authorship": "Fisch. ex Ledeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum depauperatum",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum eminens",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum expansum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum fischeri",
        "authorship": "Ledeb. ex Lecoy."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum flavovirens",
        "authorship": "Ledeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum flexuosum",
        "authorship": "Bernh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum floribundum",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum foetidum var. delponteanum",
        "authorship": "Pînzaru"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum frutetorum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum glaucescens",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum godronii",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum grenieri",
        "authorship": "Loret"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum grey-wilsonii",
        "authorship": "Riedl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum hypoleucum",
        "authorship": "Siebold & Zucc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum inclinatum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum jacquinianum",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum kemense var. stipellatum",
        "authorship": "C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum kochii",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum laggeri",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum leptophyllum",
        "authorship": "F.Nyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum longipes",
        "authorship": "Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum macilentum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum majus",
        "authorship": "Crantz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum maxwellii",
        "authorship": "Royle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum medianum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum micropodum",
        "authorship": "Kar. & Kir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus f. macrophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Osvač."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus subsp. arenarium",
        "authorship": "(Butcher) Clapham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus subsp. buschianum",
        "authorship": "(Kem.-Nath.) Krupkina"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus subsp. caffrum",
        "authorship": "(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Hand"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus subsp. saxicola",
        "authorship": "Osvač."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. amplissimum",
        "authorship": "(H.Lév. & Vaniot) H.Lév."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. arenicola",
        "authorship": "Osvač."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. chionophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Nakai ex Maekawa) Emura"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. elatum",
        "authorship": "Lecoy."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. majus",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. majus",
        "authorship": "(Crantz) Hook.f. & Thomson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. minus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. petrosum",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Osvač."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. thunbergii",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Vorosch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum minus var. yamamotoi",
        "authorship": "(Honda) Sugim. ex Kadota"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum nanum",
        "authorship": "Schleich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum neglectum",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum nutans",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum oreites",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum ovatum",
        "authorship": "Hort.Berol. ex K.Koch & C.D.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum parviflorum",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum patens",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Lecoy."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum pavlovii",
        "authorship": "Reverd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum persicum",
        "authorship": "Sprenger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum petrosum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum porrigens",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum praecox",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum praeflorens",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum pratense",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum pseudominus",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Jáv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum pubescens var. matritense",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum purdomii",
        "authorship": "Clark"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum purpurascens",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum purpureum",
        "authorship": "Schangin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum ruthenicum",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum sabaudum",
        "authorship": "Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum saissanicus",
        "authorship": "Kotukhov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum schimperianum",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Schweinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum schleicheri",
        "authorship": "Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum schultzii",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum schweiggeri",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum sekimotoanum",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum sendtneri",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum serotinum",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum sylvaticum",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum thamnophilum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum thunbergii",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum thunbergii var. majus",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum transsilvanicum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum trilobatum",
        "authorship": "Ovcz. & Kochk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum viperinum",
        "authorship": "Andrz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum virgultorum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum vrabelyi",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum vulgare",
        "authorship": "Kitt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum vulgatum",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Thalictrum yamamotoi",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tripterium transsilvanicum",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Schur"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalictrum_minus"
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    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "CPP",
      "ETH",
      "OFS",
      "LES",
      "MOR",
      "TVL",
      "AFG",
      "ALT",
      "AMU",
      "BRY",
      "CHN",
      "CHC",
      "CHS",
      "CTA",
      "CHI",
      "IRN",
      "IRQ",
      "IRK",
      "JAP",
      "KAM",
      "KAZ",
      "KHA",
      "KGZ",
      "KOR",
      "KRA",
      "KUR",
      "LBS",
      "MAG",
      "CHM",
      "MON",
      "NNS",
      "NCS",
      "PRM",
      "CHQ",
      "SAK",
      "TZK",
      "TCS",
      "TKM",
      "TVA",
      "TUR",
      "UZB",
      "WSB",
      "CHX",
      "YAK",
      "YEM",
      "PAK",
      "WHM",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "UKR",
      "ASK",
      "ALU"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AMU",
        "name": "Amur",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTA",
        "name": "Chita",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAM",
        "name": "Kamchatka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KHA",
        "name": "Khabarovsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAG",
        "name": "Magadan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PRM",
        "name": "Primorye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHQ",
        "name": "Qinghai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAK",
        "name": "Sakhalin",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVA",
        "name": "Tuva",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASK",
        "name": "Alaska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALU",
        "name": "Aleutian Is.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 134,
    "n_annotated": 386,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      1,
      12,
      42,
      57,
      11,
      8,
      3,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      1,
      0,
      0,
      27,
      55,
      83,
      92,
      39,
      21,
      57,
      9,
      2
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.037,
      0.2182,
      0.506,
      0.6196,
      0.2821,
      0.381,
      0.0526,
      0,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.0066,
        0.1828
      ],
      [
        0.1295,
        0.3437
      ],
      [
        0.4006,
        0.6109
      ],
      [
        0.5175,
        0.7121
      ],
      [
        0.1654,
        0.4378
      ],
      [
        0.2075,
        0.5912
      ],
      [
        0.0181,
        0.1437
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2992
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 7,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 64,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        6,
        18,
        20,
        6,
        11,
        2,
        1
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0,
        0.0723,
        0.1957,
        0.5128,
        0.2857,
        0.193,
        0.2222,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.1246
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.0653
        ],
        [
          0.0335,
          0.1489
        ],
        [
          0.1275,
          0.2882
        ],
        [
          0.362,
          0.6614
        ],
        [
          0.1381,
          0.4996
        ],
        [
          0.1113,
          0.3134
        ],
        [
          0.0632,
          0.5474
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": -0.9,
      "median": 5.1,
      "p95": 11.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 629.3,
      "median": 1034.6,
      "p95": 1414.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 17.2,
      "median": 23.4,
      "p95": 26.8
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -25.7,
      "median": -11.8,
      "p95": -0.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 386.8,
      "median": 604.1,
      "p95": 1379.6
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 16.8,
      "median": 31.3,
      "p95": 82.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 29.4,
      "median": 100,
      "p95": 221.6
    },
    "n": 1945,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1945 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/thalictrum-minus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}