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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/tephrosia-purpurea/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-10",
  "id": {
    "slug": "tephrosia-purpurea",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000203860",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169597
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Tephrosia purpurea",
    "authorship": "(L.) Pers.",
    "genus": "Tephrosia",
    "epithet": "purpurea",
    "family": "Fabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Syn. Pl. 2: 329 (1807)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.legumedata.org/taxonomy/taxon/2444999",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Hawaiian Fish Poisoning Plant",
      "english": [
        "Hawaiian Fish Poisoning Plant",
        "fishpoison"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cracca apollinea",
        "authorship": "(Delile) A.Lyons"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cracca canescens",
        "authorship": "(E.Mey.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cracca diffusa",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cracca leptostachya",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Rusby"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cracca maxima",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cracca piscatoria",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) A.Lyons"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cracca purpurea",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cracca wallichii",
        "authorship": "(Fawc. & Rendle) Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega apollinea",
        "authorship": "Delile"
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega coerulea",
        "authorship": "Rottler ex Wight & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega colonila",
        "authorship": "Buch.-Ham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega diffusa",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega lanceaefolia",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega lanceifolia",
        "authorship": "(Link) Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega lancifolia",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega littoralis",
        "authorship": "G.Forst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega piscatoria",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega prostrata",
        "authorship": "K.D.Koenig ex Wight & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega purpurea",
        "authorship": "(L.) L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega sericea",
        "authorship": "Buch.-Ham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Galega tinctoria",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glycyrrhiza mairei",
        "authorship": "H.Lév."
      },
      {
        "name": "Indigofera flexuosa",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orobos piscidius",
        "authorship": "(Spreng.) St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orobus piscidia",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia adscendens",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia apollinea",
        "authorship": "(Delile) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia apollinea subsp. brevistipulata",
        "authorship": "Vierh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia apollinea subsp. longistipulata",
        "authorship": "Vierh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia biflora",
        "authorship": "Zipp. ex Span."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia canescens",
        "authorship": "E.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia colonila",
        "authorship": "(Buch.-Ham.) Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia crassa",
        "authorship": "Bojer ex Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia delagoensis",
        "authorship": "H.M.L.Forbes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia desertorum",
        "authorship": "Scheele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia diffusa",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Wight & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia galegoides",
        "authorship": "Graham ex Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia hamiltonii",
        "authorship": "J.R.Drumm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia hamiltonii",
        "authorship": "Gamble"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia indigofera",
        "authorship": "Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia lanceaefolia",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia lanceifolia",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Graham ex Gamble"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia laurentii",
        "authorship": "De Wild."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia leptostachya",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia leratiana",
        "authorship": "Harms"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia leucoclada",
        "authorship": "Scott Elliot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia lineata",
        "authorship": "Schumach. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia lobata",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia mitchelii",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia parviflora",
        "authorship": "Wight ex Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia piscatoria",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. brevidens",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. diffusa",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Aitch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. elongata",
        "authorship": "Craib"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. genuina",
        "authorship": "R.Vig."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. gracilis",
        "authorship": "Täckh. & Boulos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. laxa",
        "authorship": "Craib"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. laxa",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. leptostachya",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Brummitt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. piscatoria",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Fosberg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. purpurea",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. queenslandica",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia purpurea var. supina",
        "authorship": "R.Vig."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia sericea",
        "authorship": "Buch.-Ham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia sinaitica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia sparsiflora",
        "authorship": "H.M.L.Forbes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia stricta",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia taylorii",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia tinctoria",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia transvaalensis",
        "authorship": "Hutch. & Burtt Davy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia viciiformis",
        "authorship": "Edgew."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia wallichii",
        "authorship": "Fawc. & Rendle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tephrosia wallichii",
        "authorship": "Fawc. & Rendle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vicia piscidia",
        "authorship": "(Spreng.) J.R.Forst. ex Ser."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_purpurea"
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        "code": "CPV",
        "name": "Caprivi Strip",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "DJI",
        "name": "Djibouti",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "GST",
        "name": "Gulf States",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWC",
        "name": "New Caledonia",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUE",
        "name": "Niue",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCI",
        "name": "Society Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAL",
        "name": "Wallis-Futuna Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 86,
    "n_annotated": 99,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      10,
      11,
      10,
      9,
      3,
      1,
      8,
      6,
      7,
      5,
      10,
      6
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      12,
      11,
      12,
      11,
      3,
      1,
      9,
      6,
      7,
      5,
      12,
      10
    ],
    "share": [
      0.8333,
      1,
      0.8333,
      0.8182,
      null,
      null,
      0.8889,
      1,
      1,
      1,
      0.8333,
      0.6
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.552,
        0.953
      ],
      [
        0.7412,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.552,
        0.953
      ],
      [
        0.523,
        0.9486
      ],
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.565,
        0.9801
      ],
      [
        0.6097,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.6457,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.5655,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.552,
        0.953
      ],
      [
        0.3127,
        0.8318
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 2,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 46,
      "by_month": [
        10,
        2,
        4,
        5,
        2,
        0,
        5,
        3,
        2,
        2,
        4,
        7
      ],
      "share": [
        0.8333,
        0.1818,
        0.3333,
        0.4545,
        null,
        null,
        0.5556,
        0.5,
        0.2857,
        0.4,
        0.3333,
        0.7
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.552,
          0.953
        ],
        [
          0.0514,
          0.477
        ],
        [
          0.1381,
          0.6094
        ],
        [
          0.2127,
          0.7199
        ],
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.2666,
          0.8112
        ],
        [
          0.1876,
          0.8124
        ],
        [
          0.0822,
          0.6411
        ],
        [
          0.1176,
          0.7693
        ],
        [
          0.1381,
          0.6094
        ],
        [
          0.3968,
          0.8922
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 1
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual, perennial or subshrub",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 19.7,
      "median": 26.1,
      "p95": 28.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 84.1,
      "median": 307.1,
      "p95": 589.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 26.8,
      "median": 34.2,
      "p95": 40.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 5.9,
      "median": 15.1,
      "p95": 23.9
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 394.1,
      "median": 863.1,
      "p95": 1885.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 43.2,
      "median": 88.4,
      "p95": 146.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 3,
      "median": 22.1,
      "p95": 140.9
    },
    "n": 447,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 447 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/tephrosia-purpurea/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}