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  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "tacca-leontopetaloides",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000567798",
    "inat_taxon_id": 140999
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Tacca leontopetaloides",
    "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze",
    "genus": "Tacca",
    "epithet": "leontopetaloides",
    "family": "Dioscoreaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 704 (1891)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Arrowroot",
      "english": [
        "Arrowroot",
        "Fiji arrowroot",
        "Polynesian arrowroot",
        "batflower",
        "masoa",
        "taka"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Arisaema gracile",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Arum gracile",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaitaea tacca",
        "authorship": "Sol. ex Seem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaitea tacca",
        "authorship": "Solander ex Parkinson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Leontice leontopetaloides",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca abyssinica",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca artocarpifolia",
        "authorship": "Seem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca brownii",
        "authorship": "Seem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca brownii var. paeoniifolia",
        "authorship": "Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca dubia",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca gaogao",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca guineensis",
        "authorship": "G.Don ex Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca hawaiiensis",
        "authorship": "H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca involucrata",
        "authorship": "Schumach. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca involucrata var. acutifolia",
        "authorship": "(H.Limpr.) H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca maculata",
        "authorship": "Zipp. ex Span."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca madagascariensis",
        "authorship": "Bojer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca madagascariensis",
        "authorship": "(H.Limpr.) H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca oceanica",
        "authorship": "Seem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca phallifera",
        "authorship": "Rumph. ex E.A.Duchesne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida",
        "authorship": "J.R.Forst. & G.Forst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida f. obtusata",
        "authorship": "Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida subsp. eupinnatifida",
        "authorship": "H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida subsp. interrupta",
        "authorship": "Warb. ex H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida subsp. involucrata",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida subsp. madagascariensis",
        "authorship": "H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida subsp. minor",
        "authorship": "H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida var. acutifolia",
        "authorship": "H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida var. brownii",
        "authorship": "(Seem.) F.M.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida var. obtusata",
        "authorship": "H.Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida var. paeoniifolia",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifida var. permagna",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca pinnatifolia",
        "authorship": "Gaertn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca quanzensis",
        "authorship": "Welw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca umbrarum",
        "authorship": "Jum. & H.Perrier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tacca viridis",
        "authorship": "Hemsl."
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      {
        "code": "BIS",
        "name": "Bismarck Archipelago",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDV",
        "name": "Maldives",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "COO",
        "name": "Cook Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "GIL",
        "name": "Gilbert Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRS",
        "name": "Marshall Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWC",
        "name": "New Caledonia",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "PIT",
        "name": "Pitcairn Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCI",
        "name": "Society Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOK",
        "name": "Tokelau-Manihiki",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAL",
        "name": "Wallis-Futuna Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 33,
    "n_annotated": 83,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      5,
      3,
      4,
      1,
      1,
      5,
      0,
      6,
      1,
      0,
      1,
      6
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      13,
      6,
      10,
      7,
      5,
      6,
      4,
      10,
      3,
      2,
      4,
      13
    ],
    "share": [
      0.3846,
      0.5,
      0.4,
      0.1429,
      0.2,
      0.8333,
      null,
      0.6,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.4615
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.1771,
        0.6448
      ],
      [
        0.1876,
        0.8124
      ],
      [
        0.1682,
        0.6873
      ],
      [
        0.0257,
        0.5131
      ],
      [
        0.0362,
        0.6245
      ],
      [
        0.4365,
        0.9699
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.3127,
        0.8318
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.2321,
        0.7086
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 6,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tuberous geophyte",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 20.3,
      "median": 25.9,
      "p95": 27.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 36.1,
      "median": 152.3,
      "p95": 286.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 27.2,
      "median": 29.1,
      "p95": 36.9
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 11.1,
      "median": 19.3,
      "p95": 25.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 889,
      "median": 1847.6,
      "p95": 3759.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 23.7,
      "median": 88.5,
      "p95": 124.6
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 2.2,
      "median": 69.7,
      "p95": 565.5
    },
    "n": 847,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 847 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/tacca-leontopetaloides/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}