{ "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json", "schema_version": 1, "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/strychnos-spinosa/", "last_modified": "2025-12-15", "id": { "slug": "strychnos-spinosa", "wfo": "wfo-0000502889", "inat_taxon_id": 169414 }, "name": { "scientific": "Strychnos spinosa", "authorship": "Lam.", "genus": "Strychnos", "epithet": "spinosa", "family": "Loganiaceae", "rank": "species", "taxonomic_status": "accepted", "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06", "is_homonym": false, "published_in": "Tabl. Encycl. 2: 38 (1794)", "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:547485-1", "common": { "preferred": "Natal orange", "english": [ "Natal orange" ], "source": "wikidata" }, "synonyms": [ { "name": "Brehmia spinosa", "authorship": "(Lam.) Harv." }, { "name": "Strychnos buettneri", "authorship": "Gilg" }, { "name": "Strychnos cardiophylla", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos carvalhoi", "authorship": "Gilg" }, { "name": "Strychnos courtetii", "authorship": "A.Chev." }, { "name": "Strychnos cuneifolia", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos djalonis", "authorship": "A.Chev." }, { "name": "Strychnos dulcis", "authorship": "A.Chev." }, { "name": "Strychnos emarginata", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Strychnos euryphylla", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos flacurtii", "authorship": "Desv. ex Thouars" }, { "name": "Strychnos gilletii", "authorship": "De Wild." }, { "name": "Strychnos gracillima", "authorship": "Gilg" }, { "name": "Strychnos gracillima var. paucispinosa", "authorship": "De Wild." }, { "name": "Strychnos harmsii", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos laxa", "authorship": "Soler." }, { "name": "Strychnos leiosepala", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos lokua", "authorship": "A.Rich." }, { "name": "Strychnos madagascariensis", "authorship": "Spreng. ex Baker" }, { "name": "Strychnos megalocarpa", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos meughe", "authorship": "Chiov." }, { "name": "Strychnos miniungansamba", "authorship": "Gilg" }, { "name": "Strychnos mueghe", "authorship": "Chiov." }, { "name": "Strychnos omphalocarpa", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos pluvialis", "authorship": "A.Chev." }, { "name": "Strychnos radiosperma", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos rhombifolia", "authorship": "Gilg & Busse" }, { "name": "Strychnos sansibariensis", "authorship": "Gilg" }, { "name": "Strychnos schweinfurthii", "authorship": "Gilg" }, { "name": "Strychnos spinosa subsp. lokua", "authorship": "(A.Rich.) Bruce" }, { "name": "Strychnos spinosa subsp. spinosa", "authorship": null }, { "name": "Strychnos spinosa subsp. volkensii", "authorship": "(Gilg) E.A.Bruce" }, { "name": "Strychnos spinosa var. pubescens", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Strychnos tonga", "authorship": "Gilg" }, { "name": "Strychnos unguacha var. retusa", "authorship": "Chiov." }, { "name": "Strychnos volkensii", "authorship": "Gilg" }, { "name": "Strychnos volkensii", "authorship": "Gilg ex Engl." }, { "name": "Strychnos vuntac", "authorship": "Bojer" } ], "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnos_spinosa" }, "photographs": { "shown": 8, "usable_found": 68, "licences": [ "CC-BY", "CC-BY-SA" ], "noncommercial_excluded": true, "items": [ { "photo_id": 198953453, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Ryan Donnelly", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/rynaturalist", 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"Comoros", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Western Indian Ocean" }, { "code": "CON", "name": "Congo", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ZAI", "name": "DR Congo", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SWZ", "name": "Eswatini", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "ETH", "name": "Ethiopia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "GAM", "name": "Gambia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "GHA", "name": "Ghana", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "GUI", "name": "Guinea", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "GNB", "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "IVO", "name": "Ivory Coast", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "KEN", "name": "Kenya", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "East Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "NAT", "name": "KwaZulu-Natal", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "MDG", "name": "Madagascar", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Western Indian Ocean" }, { "code": "MLW", "name": "Malawi", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "MLI", "name": "Mali", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "MOZ", "name": "Mozambique", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "NAM", "name": "Namibia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "NGR", "name": "Niger", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "NGA", "name": "Nigeria", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "TVL", "name": "Northern Provinces", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "RWA", "name": "Rwanda", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SEN", "name": "Senegal", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SIE", "name": "Sierra Leone", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SOM", "name": "Somalia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SUD", "name": "Sudan-South Sudan", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "TAN", "name": "Tanzania", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "East Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "TOG", "name": "Togo", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "UGA", "name": "Uganda", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "East Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ZAM", "name": "Zambia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ZIM", "name": "Zimbabwe", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" } ] }, "phenology": { "n": 2, "n_annotated": 65, "sufficient": false, "fruiting": { "n": 57, "by_month": [ 5, 5, 8, 7, 8, 5, 5, 3, 2, 3, 1, 5 ], "share": [ 1, 0.7143, 0.8889, 0.875, 1, 0.8333, 1, null, null, 0.6, null, 1 ], "ci": [ [ 0.5655, 1 ], [ 0.3589, 0.9178 ], [ 0.565, 0.9801 ], [ 0.5291, 0.9776 ], [ 0.6756, 1 ], [ 0.4365, 0.9699 ], [ 0.5655, 1 ], null, null, [ 0.2307, 0.8824 ], null, [ 0.5655, 1 ] ], "peak_month": 1 }, "doi": null, "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)", "fields": { "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)", "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".", "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.", "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.", "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count." } }, "traits": { "lifeform": "shrub or tree", "climate": "seasonally dry tropical" }, "identification": { "on_device_model": { "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)", "identifies_this_species": false }, "in_accuracy_benchmark": false, "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/", "confused_with": [] }, "sources": [ { "name": "World Flora Online Plant List", "note": "accepted name, authority, classification", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-12" }, { "name": "iNaturalist", "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only", "license": "per photograph", "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/", "retrieved": "2026-06-27" }, { "name": "Wikidata", "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-13" }, { "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr", "retrieved": "2026-06-04" } ], "gaps": [ { "field": "care", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted." }, { "field": "toxicity", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready." }, { "field": "botanical_review", "status": "not_sourced", "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page." }, { "field": "phenology", "status": "insufficient_evidence", "reason": "Only 2 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one." } ], "license": { "data": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/strychnos-spinosa/", "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)." } }