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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/stapelia-hirsuta/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "stapelia-hirsuta",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001102545",
    "inat_taxon_id": 366290
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Stapelia hirsuta",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Stapelia",
    "epithet": "hirsuta",
    "family": "Apocynaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 217 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "carrion-flower",
      "english": [
        "carrion-flower"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Ceropegia pulvinata",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Bruyns"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon asterias",
        "authorship": "(Masson) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon asterias var. gibbus",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon asterias var. lucidus",
        "authorship": "(DC.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon baylisii",
        "authorship": "(L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon gariepensis",
        "authorship": "(Pillans) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon glabricaulis",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon glabricaulis var. forcipis",
        "authorship": "(E.Phillips & Letty) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon grandiflorus var. sororius",
        "authorship": "(Masson) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon hirsutus",
        "authorship": "(L.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon hirsutus var. affinis",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon hirsutus var. comatus",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon hirsutus var. depressus",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon hirsutus var. gratus",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon hirsutus var. longirostris",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon hirsutus var. luteus",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon peglerae",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon praetermissus",
        "authorship": "(L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon praetermissus var. luteolus",
        "authorship": "(L.C.Leach) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon pulvinatus",
        "authorship": "(Masson) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon tsomoensis",
        "authorship": "(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gonostemon vetulus",
        "authorship": "(Masson) P.V.Heath"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia affinis",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia asterias",
        "authorship": "Masson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia asterias var. gibba",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia asterias var. lucida",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia comata",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia courcelli",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia depressa",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia elongata",
        "authorship": "Sweet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia forcipis",
        "authorship": "E.Phillips & Letty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia gariepensis",
        "authorship": "Pillans"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia glabricaulis",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hamata",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hirsuta var. affinis",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hirsuta var. baylissii",
        "authorship": "(L.C.Leach) Bruyns"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hirsuta var. comata",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hirsuta var. depressa",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hirsuta var. longirostris",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hirsuta var. patula",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hirsuta var. unguipetala",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia johni-lavrani",
        "authorship": "Halda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia juvencula",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia lanifera",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia lucida",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia nudiflora",
        "authorship": "Pillans"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia patentirostris",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia patula",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia peglerae",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia praetermissa",
        "authorship": "L.C.Leach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia praetermissa var. luteola",
        "authorship": "L.C.Leach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia pulvinata",
        "authorship": "Masson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia pulvinata f. margarita",
        "authorship": "(B.Sloane) G.D.Rowley"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia simsii",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia sororia",
        "authorship": "Masson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia stellaris",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia stellata",
        "authorship": "St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia tsomoensis",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia unguipetala",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia vetula",
        "authorship": "Masson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia vetula var. juvencula",
        "authorship": "Berger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia vetula var. simsii",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia villosa",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera asterias",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera depressa",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera juvencula",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera lanifera",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera lucida",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera patula",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera pulvinata",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera sorroria",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera stellaris",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera vetula",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria asterias",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria comata",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria depressa",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria hamata",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria juvencula",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria lanifera",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria lucida",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria patula",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria pulvinata",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria sororia",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria sorroria",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria stellaris",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria vetula",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tridentea depressa",
        "authorship": "Haw. ex Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tridentea juvencula",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tridentea vetula",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Haw."
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapelia_hirsuta"
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    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 18 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/stapelia-hirsuta/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}