{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/sphagnum-cuspidatum/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-03",
  "id": {
    "slug": "sphagnum-cuspidatum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001185685",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169209
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Sphagnum cuspidatum",
    "authorship": "Ehrh. ex Hoffm.",
    "genus": "Sphagnum",
    "epithet": "cuspidatum",
    "family": "Sphagnaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Deutschl. Fl. 2: 22. 1795[1796].",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.bryonames.org/",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "toothed sphagnum",
      "english": [
        "toothed sphagnum"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum acutifolium var. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Brid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum aloysii-sabaudiae",
        "authorship": "G.Negri"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum bernieri",
        "authorship": "Besch. ex Renauld & Cardot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum bohemicum",
        "authorship": "Jež."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum capillaceum var. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum capillifolium var. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Brid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatiforme",
        "authorship": "Breutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatulum var. trengganense",
        "authorship": "A.Johnson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "Renauld"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum f. molle",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum f. pumilum",
        "authorship": "Grav. ex Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum f. serrulatum",
        "authorship": "(Schlieph.) Pilous"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum subf. capitatum",
        "authorship": "Wheldon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum subf. densum",
        "authorship": "Ingham & Wheldon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum subf. polyphyllum",
        "authorship": "(Schlieph.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum subf. pumilum",
        "authorship": "(Grav. ex Warnst.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum subsp. laxifolium",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Hal.) Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. acutifolium",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. deflexum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. dimorphum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. falcatum",
        "authorship": "Russow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. flaccidifolium",
        "authorship": "(Dixon ex A.Johnson) A.Eddy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. flagellare",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. flagellare",
        "authorship": "Bott."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. fluitans",
        "authorship": "Fiedl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. hypnoides",
        "authorship": "A.Braun ex Bruch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. immersum",
        "authorship": "Schimp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. krausei",
        "authorship": "C.E.O.Jensen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. laxifolium",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Hal.) Austin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. limosum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. macrocephalum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. macrophyllum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. majus",
        "authorship": "Schlieph. & Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. microcephalum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. monocladon",
        "authorship": "(H.Klinggr. ex Warnst.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. plumosum",
        "authorship": "Nees & Hornsch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. plumosum",
        "authorship": "Austin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. plumulosum",
        "authorship": "Schimp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. polyphyllum",
        "authorship": "(Schlieph.) Schlieph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. recurvum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. rigidulum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. robustum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. septiculatum",
        "authorship": "Åberg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. stellare",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. strictum",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. submersum",
        "authorship": "Schimp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. subrecurvum",
        "authorship": "(Warnst.) A.Eddy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. tenellum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum cuspidatum var. truncatum",
        "authorship": "Schlieph. ex Cardot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum falcatum",
        "authorship": "(Russow) Limpr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum faxonii",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum faxonii var. crispatulum",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum flaccidifolium",
        "authorship": "Dixon ex A.Johnson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum gabonense",
        "authorship": "Besch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum gravetii f. monocladon",
        "authorship": "(H.Klinggr. ex Warnst.) L.I.Savicz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum hypnoides",
        "authorship": "(A.Braun ex Bruch) Brid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum ikongense",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum intermedium f. laxum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum intermedium var. flagellare",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum javanicum",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium",
        "authorship": "Müll.Hal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium f. acutifolium",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium f. pumilum",
        "authorship": "(Grav. ex Warnst.) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium f. stellare",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium f. strictum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium var. comosum",
        "authorship": "Schlieph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium var. falcatum",
        "authorship": "(Russow) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium var. hypnoides",
        "authorship": "(A.Braun ex Bruch) Müll.Hal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium var. monocladon",
        "authorship": "(H.Klinggr. ex Warnst.) H.Klinggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium var. plumulosum",
        "authorship": "(Schimp.) C.E.O.Jensen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium var. polyphyllum",
        "authorship": "Schlieph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum laxifolium var. serrulatum",
        "authorship": "Schlieph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum lehmannii",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum lehmannii var. equiporosum",
        "authorship": "Irmsch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum lonchophyllum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Hal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum longifolium",
        "authorship": "Saut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum monocladon",
        "authorship": "(H.Klinggr. ex Warnst.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum naumannii",
        "authorship": "Müll.Hal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum obesum var. klinggraeffii",
        "authorship": "H.K.G.Paul"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum palustre var. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Lilj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum var. compactum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum var. crispulum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum var. densum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum var. falcatum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum var. laxum",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum var. molluscum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum var. patulum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudomolluscum var. submersum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudoserratum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudoserratum var. crispulum",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudoserratum var. plumosum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudoserratum var. plumulosum",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pseudoserratum var. submersum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum pusillum",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum recurviforme",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum recurvum f. plumulosum",
        "authorship": "(Schimp.) Cardot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum recurvum f. polyphyllum",
        "authorship": "(Schlieph.) Cardot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum recurvum subsp. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) C.Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum recurvum var. falcatum",
        "authorship": "(Russow) Cardot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum recurvum var. plumosum",
        "authorship": "(Nees & Hornsch.) Cardot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum recurvum var. submersum",
        "authorship": "(Schimp.) Cardot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum riparium var. robustum",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Loeske"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei var. capitatum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei var. falcatum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei var. flagellare",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei var. imbricatum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei var. majus",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei var. pulchrum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei var. recurvum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum schliephackei var. robustum",
        "authorship": "(Röll) Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum seemannii",
        "authorship": "Müll.Hal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum seemannii var. weberi",
        "authorship": "(Warnst.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum serratum var. serrulatum",
        "authorship": "(Schlieph.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum sordidum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Hal. ex Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum sordidum var. humile",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum stollei",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum stollei var. flagellare",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum stollei var. molle",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum stollei var. robustum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum subrecurvum",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum subrecurvum var. borneense",
        "authorship": "Dixon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum subrecurvum var. javanicum",
        "authorship": "(Warnst.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum subundulatum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Hal. & Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum torreyanum var. densum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum trinitense var. crispulum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum trinitense var. plumulosum",
        "authorship": "Röll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum variabile",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum variabile f. monocladon",
        "authorship": "H.Klinggr. ex Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum variabile subsp. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum variabile var. cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum variabile var. falcatum",
        "authorship": "(Russow) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum variabile var. plumulosum",
        "authorship": "(Schimp.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum variabile var. submersum",
        "authorship": "(Schimp.) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum virginianum",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum viride",
        "authorship": "Flatberg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphagnum weberi",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnum_cuspidatum"
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        "observed_on": "2020-07-04",
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        "attribution": "Andrew Melton, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Austin Pursley",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/autrpy",
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        "observed_on": "2020-03-28",
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        "attribution": "Austin Pursley, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
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        "creator": "George Greiff",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/georgeg",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f95e7afd-f13a-47d4-aea2-7a4ed356685b",
        "observed_on": "2019-12-27",
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        },
        "attribution": "George Greiff, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 41516549,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Andre Hosper",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ahospers",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1bf52883-f003-48ef-94b1-bd43f6f7598a",
        "observed_on": "2019-06-09",
        "lat": 55.577,
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          }
        },
        "attribution": "Andre Hosper, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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    ]
  },
  "native_range": null,
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": null,
    "climate": null
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "native_range",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/sphagnum-cuspidatum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}