{ "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json", "schema_version": 1, "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/sphaeranthus-indicus/", "last_modified": "2025-12-12", "id": { "slug": "sphaeranthus-indicus", "wfo": "wfo-0000014099", "inat_taxon_id": 443879 }, "name": { "scientific": "Sphaeranthus indicus", "authorship": "L.", "genus": "Sphaeranthus", "epithet": "indicus", "family": "Asteraceae", "rank": "species", "taxonomic_status": "accepted", "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06", "is_homonym": false, "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 927 (1753)", "protologue_url": "https://www.compositae.org/gcd/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1106318", "common": { "preferred": "East Indian Globe Thistle", "english": [ "East Indian Globe Thistle" ], "source": "wikidata" }, "synonyms": [ { "name": "Sphaeranthus hirtus", "authorship": "Willd." }, { "name": "Sphaeranthus mollis", "authorship": "Roxb. ex DC." }, { "name": "Sphaeranthus mollis", "authorship": "Roxb." } ], "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaeranthus_indicus" }, "photographs": { "shown": 8, "usable_found": 15, "licences": [ "CC0", "CC-BY", "CC-BY-SA" ], "noncommercial_excluded": true, "items": [ { "photo_id": 179242582, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Paulmathi Vinod", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/paulmathi", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/85324c09-416e-4246-97e1-aa06be03397e", "observed_on": "2022-02-12", "lat": 9.364, "lon": 78.839, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 1024 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179242582/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179242582/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179242582/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179242582/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Paulmathi Vinod, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 74656364, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Kym Nicolson", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/knicolson", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/59354632-83e2-4258-8441-4878311e6f35", "observed_on": "2019-06-21", "lat": -22.435, "lon": 143.022, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 1024 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/74656364/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/74656364/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/74656364/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/74656364/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Kym Nicolson, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 60143998, "license": "CC0", "license_name": "CC0 1.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "S.MORE", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/sushantmore", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b9927cdc-e1dc-4f36-ac62-f37f83dd7d34", "observed_on": "2014-12-23", "lat": 19.997, "lon": 73.79, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 684 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/60143998/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/60143998/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/60143998/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/60143998/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "S.MORE, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 135227694, "license": "CC-BY-SA", "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": true, "creator": "Dinesh Valke", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/dineshvalke", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8dc11dcf-55cc-412d-af58-cb5c7e74dca5", "observed_on": "2011-12-11", "lat": 18.93, "lon": 73.237, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 768 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/135227694/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/135227694/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/135227694/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/135227694/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Dinesh Valke, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 131730057, "license": "CC-BY-SA", "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": true, "creator": "Dinesh Valke", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/dineshvalke", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2c70b016-3c85-4135-a2c5-8930ca5ee742", "observed_on": "2011-01-29", "lat": 19.652, "lon": 72.975, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 768 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131730057/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131730057/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131730057/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131730057/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Dinesh Valke, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 49565116, "license": "CC-BY-SA", "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": true, "creator": "Rohit", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/rohitmg", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2c0c3d04-6fa6-41bb-a845-5ffadc82ab7f", "observed_on": "2018-01-23", "lat": 26.741, "lon": 91.184, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 683 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/49565116/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/49565116/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/49565116/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/49565116/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Rohit, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 165197356, "license": "CC-BY-SA", "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": true, "creator": "Tony Eales", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tjeales", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9523d0c1-d176-4cb0-b12f-b552e37f0338", "observed_on": "2021-10-24", "lat": -22.91, "lon": 139.917, "original": { "width": 768, "height": 1024 }, "widths": [ 400, 768 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165197356/r1/400.avif", "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165197356/r1/768.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165197356/r1/400.jpg", "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165197356/r1/768.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Tony Eales, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 56415801, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Siddarth Machado", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/siddarthmachado", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/a2a7c619-ab2a-4bc4-acf9-e3351721bb50", "observed_on": "2014-02-17", "lat": 12.906, "lon": 75.735, "original": { "width": 576, "height": 1024 }, "widths": [ 400 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/56415801/r1/400.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/56415801/r1/400.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Siddarth Machado, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist" } ] }, "native_range": { "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3", "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "excludes": [ "introduced", "extinct", "location_doubtful" ], "codes": [ "CHC", "AND", "ASS", "BAN", "CBD", "EHM", "IND", "LAO", "MYA", "NEP", "SRL", "THA", "VIE", "NTA", "QLD", "SOA", "WAU" ], "regions": [ { "code": "CHC", "name": "China South-Central", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "China" }, { "code": "AND", "name": "Andaman Is.", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "ASS", "name": "Assam", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "BAN", "name": "Bangladesh", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "CBD", "name": "Cambodia", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "EHM", "name": "East Himalaya", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "IND", "name": "India", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "LAO", "name": "Laos", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "MYA", "name": "Myanmar", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "NEP", "name": "Nepal", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "SRL", "name": "Sri Lanka", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indian Subcontinent" }, { "code": "THA", "name": "Thailand", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "VIE", "name": "Vietnam", "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL", "region": "Indo-China" }, { "code": "NTA", "name": "Northern Territory", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "QLD", "name": "Queensland", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "SOA", "name": "South Australia", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "WAU", "name": "Western Australia", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" } ] }, "phenology": { "n": 26, "n_annotated": 27, "sufficient": false }, "traits": { "lifeform": "annual", "climate": "subtropical" }, "identification": { "on_device_model": { "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)", "identifies_this_species": false }, "in_accuracy_benchmark": false, "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/", "confused_with": [] }, "sources": [ { "name": "World Flora Online Plant List", "note": "accepted name, authority, classification", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-12" }, { "name": "iNaturalist", "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only", "license": "per photograph", "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/", "retrieved": "2026-06-27" }, { "name": "Wikidata", "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-13" }, { "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr", "retrieved": "2026-06-04" } ], "gaps": [ { "field": "care", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted." }, { "field": "toxicity", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready." }, { "field": "botanical_review", "status": "not_sourced", "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page." }, { "field": "phenology", "status": "insufficient_evidence", "reason": "Only 26 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one." } ], "license": { "data": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/sphaeranthus-indicus/", "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)." } }