{
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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/solanum-villosum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "solanum-villosum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001032383",
    "inat_taxon_id": 83970
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Solanum villosum",
    "authorship": "Mill.",
    "genus": "Solanum",
    "epithet": "villosum",
    "family": "Solanaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.",
    "protologue_url": "http://solanaceaesource.org/solanaceae/solanum-villosum",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "hairy nightshade",
      "english": [
        "hairy nightshade"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Solanum aegyptiacum",
        "authorship": "J.F.Gmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum alatum",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum arenarium",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum canescens",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Kanitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum carmanicum",
        "authorship": "Schönb.-Tem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum erythraeum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum flavum",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum flavum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum flavum",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Kanitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum flavum var. humile",
        "authorship": "Bernh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum glabrum",
        "authorship": "Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum hildebrandtii",
        "authorship": "A.Braun & C.D.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum humile",
        "authorship": "Bernh. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum incanum",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum incanum",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Kanitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum incertum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum kitaibelii",
        "authorship": "Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum laevigata",
        "authorship": "Lowe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteovirescens",
        "authorship": "C.C.Gmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum f. luteum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum f. miniatibaccatum",
        "authorship": "(Blom) Wessely"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum subsp. alatum",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Dostál"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum subsp. luteum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum var. calvum",
        "authorship": "Wessely"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum var. luteum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum var. miniatibaccatum",
        "authorship": "(Blom) Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum luteum var. procerum",
        "authorship": "Wessely"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum miniatibaccatum",
        "authorship": "(Blom) Wessely"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum miniatum",
        "authorship": "Bernh. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum miniatum var. miniatum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum miniatum var. stenopetalum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum miniatum var. subserratum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum miniatum var. villosissimum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum minutiflorum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum morella subsp. luteum",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum f. angulosum",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum f. angulosum",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum f. glabrum",
        "authorship": "Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum f. humile",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum f. humile",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum f. miniatum",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum f. robustum",
        "authorship": "Pamp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum f. villosum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. alatum",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Celak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. humile",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. irano-algiricum",
        "authorship": "Filov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. luteovirescens",
        "authorship": "Kirschl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. luteum",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Kirschl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. miniatum",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. miniatum",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. puniceum",
        "authorship": "Kirschl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. villosum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. villosum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Celak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subsp. villosum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subvar. miniatum",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Coss. & Germ."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum subvar. ochroleucum",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) Coss. & Germ."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. alatum",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. angustifolium",
        "authorship": "Filov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. aurantium",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. croceum",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. elbaensis",
        "authorship": "Täckh. & Boulos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. flavum",
        "authorship": "(Kit. ex Schult.) Hohen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. humile",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) C.Y.Wu & S.C.Huang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. humile",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. humile",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Lindm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. induratum",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. induratum",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. luteum",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. luteum",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. miniatum",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. miniatum",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. rubrum",
        "authorship": "Schinz & Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. rubrum",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. sancti-marini",
        "authorship": "Pamp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. suffruticosum",
        "authorship": "(Schousb. ex Willd.) Moris"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. villosum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. villosum",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. villosum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Filov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. villosum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Hohen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nigrum var. villosum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum nilagiricum",
        "authorship": "Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum ochroleucum",
        "authorship": "Bastard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum ochroleucum var. flavum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum ochroleucum var. ochroleucum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum olgae",
        "authorship": "Pojark."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum olivaceum",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Kanitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum patens",
        "authorship": "Lowe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum plebeium",
        "authorship": "A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum plebeium var. brachysepalum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum plebeium var. subtile",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum plebejum var. plebejum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum pseudovillosum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum puniceum",
        "authorship": "C.C.Gmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum purpureilineatum",
        "authorship": "Sabnis & Bhatt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum rubrum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum rubrum",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum rubrum",
        "authorship": "Murray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum sinaicum",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum suffruticosum",
        "authorship": "Schousb. ex Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum suffruticosum var. suffruticosum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum transcaucasicum",
        "authorship": "Pojark."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum subsp. alatum",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Edmonds"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum subsp. alatum",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Dostál"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum subsp. miniatum",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Edmonds"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum subsp. ochroleucum",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum subsp. puniceum",
        "authorship": "(Kirschl.) Edmonds"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum subsp. villosum",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum var. alatum",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Marzell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum var. laevigata",
        "authorship": "Lowe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum var. miniatibaccatum",
        "authorship": "Blom"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum var. miniatum",
        "authorship": "(Bernh. ex Willd.) Kostel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum var. velutina",
        "authorship": "Lowe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum villosum var. villosum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum viridescens",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum vulgatum var. luteum",
        "authorship": "Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum woronowii",
        "authorship": "Pojark."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum zelenetzkii",
        "authorship": "Pojark."
      },
      {
        "name": "Witheringia rubra",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) J.Rémy"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_villosum"
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          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/163970835/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/163970835/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Name, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 164069927,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Anna Petrosyan",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/anna_petrosyan",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/685684f2-7c26-4a7c-8caa-7e9b31e13ac2",
        "observed_on": "2021-10-16",
        "lat": 46.452,
        "lon": 30.768,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
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        ],
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          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/164069927/r1/400.avif",
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          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/164069927/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/164069927/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Anna Petrosyan, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "AZO",
      "BUR",
      "CNY",
      "CVI",
      "CHA",
      "DJI",
      "EGY",
      "ERI",
      "ETH",
      "KEN",
      "LBY",
      "MDR",
      "MLW",
      "MOR",
      "MOZ",
      "NGA",
      "SOM",
      "SUD",
      "TAN",
      "TUN",
      "UGA",
      "WSA",
      "ZAM",
      "ZIM",
      "AFG",
      "CHN",
      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "GST",
      "CHI",
      "IRN",
      "IRQ",
      "LBS",
      "NCS",
      "OMA",
      "PAL",
      "CHQ",
      "SAU",
      "SIN",
      "CHT",
      "TCS",
      "TKM",
      "TUR",
      "CHX",
      "YEM",
      "ASS",
      "EHM",
      "IND",
      "MYA",
      "NEP",
      "PAK",
      "VIE",
      "WHM",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BAL",
      "BUL",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AZO",
        "name": "Azores",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "DJI",
        "name": "Djibouti",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSA",
        "name": "Western Sahara",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "GST",
        "name": "Gulf States",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHQ",
        "name": "Qinghai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 273,
    "n_annotated": 541,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      25,
      24,
      22,
      15,
      17,
      18,
      16,
      12,
      21,
      37,
      32,
      34
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      39,
      49,
      34,
      38,
      42,
      36,
      30,
      26,
      39,
      63,
      70,
      75
    ],
    "share": [
      0.641,
      0.4898,
      0.6471,
      0.3947,
      0.4048,
      0.5,
      0.5333,
      0.4615,
      0.5385,
      0.5873,
      0.4571,
      0.4533
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.4842,
        0.7726
      ],
      [
        0.3557,
        0.6253
      ],
      [
        0.4791,
        0.7851
      ],
      [
        0.256,
        0.5528
      ],
      [
        0.2704,
        0.5551
      ],
      [
        0.3447,
        0.6553
      ],
      [
        0.3614,
        0.6977
      ],
      [
        0.2876,
        0.6454
      ],
      [
        0.3857,
        0.6843
      ],
      [
        0.4642,
        0.7004
      ],
      [
        0.3457,
        0.573
      ],
      [
        0.3457,
        0.5655
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 3,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 386,
      "by_month": [
        23,
        32,
        22,
        26,
        33,
        23,
        20,
        21,
        32,
        43,
        55,
        56
      ],
      "share": [
        0.5897,
        0.6531,
        0.6471,
        0.6842,
        0.7857,
        0.6389,
        0.6667,
        0.8077,
        0.8205,
        0.6825,
        0.7857,
        0.7467
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.4342,
          0.7292
        ],
        [
          0.5131,
          0.7708
        ],
        [
          0.4791,
          0.7851
        ],
        [
          0.5254,
          0.8092
        ],
        [
          0.6406,
          0.8829
        ],
        [
          0.4757,
          0.7752
        ],
        [
          0.4878,
          0.8077
        ],
        [
          0.6212,
          0.9149
        ],
        [
          0.6733,
          0.9102
        ],
        [
          0.56,
          0.7841
        ],
        [
          0.6761,
          0.8656
        ],
        [
          0.6379,
          0.8314
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual or subshrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 10.9,
      "median": 16.3,
      "p95": 20.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 328.9,
      "median": 593.9,
      "p95": 774.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23,
      "median": 28.3,
      "p95": 34.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -2.5,
      "median": 4.3,
      "p95": 12.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 306.9,
      "median": 658.6,
      "p95": 1267
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 18.1,
      "median": 54.2,
      "p95": 111.6
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 1.8,
      "median": 42.2,
      "p95": 184.4
    },
    "n": 1570,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1570 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/solanum-villosum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}