{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/solanum-seaforthianum/",
  "last_modified": "2024-03-16",
  "id": {
    "slug": "solanum-seaforthianum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001031144",
    "inat_taxon_id": 169083
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Solanum seaforthianum",
    "authorship": "Andrews",
    "genus": "Solanum",
    "epithet": "seaforthianum",
    "family": "Solanaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Bot. Repos. tab. 504. 1808.",
    "protologue_url": "http://solanaceaesource.org/solanaceae/solanum-seaforthianum",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Brazilian nightshade",
      "english": [
        "Brazilian nightshade",
        "potato creeper"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Solanum botryophorum",
        "authorship": "Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum cirrhosum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum cyrrhosum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum kerrii",
        "authorship": "Bonati"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum pentadactylon",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum prunifolium",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum salignum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum seaforthianum var. disjunctum",
        "authorship": "O.E.Schulz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum seaforthianum var. seaforthianum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum tenuifolium",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum venustum",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_seaforthianum"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 431,
    "licences": [
      "CC-BY",
      "CC-BY-SA"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 205073400,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Greg Tasney",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gregtasney",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7151989d-74fa-4a05-8c5d-c9893a18b020",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-11",
        "lat": -28.187,
        "lon": 153.429,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 787
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205073400/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205073400/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205073400/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205073400/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Greg Tasney, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 203442871,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Greg Tasney",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gregtasney",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f77231d1-1544-4be2-8a26-dda2da4b4f98",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-05",
        "lat": -27.824,
        "lon": 153.206,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203442871/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203442871/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203442871/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203442871/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Greg Tasney, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 202847419,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "雲一百香果",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kenghung",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73d730d8-af13-4378-8155-6dc3b9e031aa",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": 23.725,
        "lon": 120.424,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202847419/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202847419/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202847419/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202847419/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "雲一百香果, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 201181618,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Thomas Mesaglio",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/thebeachcomber",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/880c6c45-abf9-49db-8338-87bf6ecd7e96",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-28",
        "lat": -34.066,
        "lon": 150.769,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201181618/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201181618/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201181618/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201181618/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Thomas Mesaglio, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 200247375,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Greg Tasney",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gregtasney",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3ba4d461-7f5b-44b8-b527-f0740fff45b3",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-24",
        "lat": -27.569,
        "lon": 153.17,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200247375/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200247375/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200247375/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200247375/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Greg Tasney, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 199569478,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Greg Tasney",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gregtasney",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/c4110158-fe40-4899-94ce-3ebbe692ad04",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-22",
        "lat": -27.381,
        "lon": 152.958,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199569478/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199569478/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199569478/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199569478/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Greg Tasney, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 199263776,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Thomas Mesaglio",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/thebeachcomber",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ea1658ff-7d62-44e3-a91f-1ae6aaf75bae",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-21",
        "lat": -31.638,
        "lon": 152.829,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199263776/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199263776/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199263776/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199263776/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Thomas Mesaglio, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 198592808,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Greg Tasney",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gregtasney",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20ca13ce-f492-4c9a-85b2-b117710a13db",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-18",
        "lat": -27.542,
        "lon": 152.927,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198592808/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198592808/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198592808/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198592808/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Greg Tasney, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "BLZ",
      "BZE",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "CUB",
      "DOM",
      "GUA",
      "HAI",
      "HON",
      "JAM",
      "LEE",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PUE",
      "TRT",
      "VEN",
      "VNA",
      "WIN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 369,
    "n_annotated": 512,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      33,
      32,
      40,
      49,
      39,
      37,
      26,
      32,
      14,
      24,
      19,
      24
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      44,
      38,
      51,
      58,
      59,
      69,
      42,
      43,
      24,
      27,
      22,
      35
    ],
    "share": [
      0.75,
      0.8421,
      0.7843,
      0.8448,
      0.661,
      0.5362,
      0.619,
      0.7442,
      0.5833,
      0.8889,
      0.8636,
      0.6857
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.6056,
        0.8543
      ],
      [
        0.6958,
        0.9256
      ],
      [
        0.6537,
        0.8751
      ],
      [
        0.7307,
        0.9162
      ],
      [
        0.5337,
        0.7686
      ],
      [
        0.4198,
        0.6489
      ],
      [
        0.4681,
        0.75
      ],
      [
        0.5976,
        0.8507
      ],
      [
        0.3883,
        0.7553
      ],
      [
        0.7194,
        0.9615
      ],
      [
        0.6666,
        0.9525
      ],
      [
        0.5202,
        0.8145
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 10,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 157,
      "by_month": [
        18,
        9,
        12,
        13,
        19,
        30,
        15,
        10,
        11,
        2,
        3,
        15
      ],
      "share": [
        0.4091,
        0.2368,
        0.2353,
        0.2241,
        0.322,
        0.4348,
        0.3571,
        0.2326,
        0.4583,
        0.0741,
        0.1364,
        0.4286
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.2769,
          0.5559
        ],
        [
          0.1299,
          0.3921
        ],
        [
          0.14,
          0.3676
        ],
        [
          0.1359,
          0.3466
        ],
        [
          0.2169,
          0.449
        ],
        [
          0.3243,
          0.5521
        ],
        [
          0.2299,
          0.5083
        ],
        [
          0.1315,
          0.3774
        ],
        [
          0.2789,
          0.6493
        ],
        [
          0.0206,
          0.2337
        ],
        [
          0.0475,
          0.3334
        ],
        [
          0.2798,
          0.5914
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "liana",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/solanum-seaforthianum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}