{ "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json", "schema_version": 1, "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/solanum-capsicoides/", "last_modified": "2024-03-16", "id": { "slug": "solanum-capsicoides", "wfo": "wfo-0001026851", "inat_taxon_id": 169055 }, "name": { "scientific": "Solanum capsicoides", "authorship": "All.", "genus": "Solanum", "epithet": "capsicoides", "family": "Solanaceae", "rank": "species", "taxonomic_status": "accepted", "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06", "is_homonym": false, "published_in": "Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. 64. 1773.", "protologue_url": "http://solanaceaesource.org/solanaceae/solanum-capsicoides", "common": { "preferred": "cockroach berry", "english": [ "cockroach berry" ], "source": "wikidata" }, "synonyms": [ { "name": "Solanum aculeatissimum var. denudatum", "authorship": "Dunal" }, { "name": "Solanum arrebenta", "authorship": "Vell." }, { "name": "Solanum bodinieri", "authorship": "H.Lév. & Vaniot" }, { "name": "Solanum capsicoides", "authorship": "Hort.Paris ex Lam." }, { "name": "Solanum ciliare", "authorship": "Willd." }, { "name": "Solanum ciliatum", "authorship": "Lam." }, { "name": "Solanum ciliatum var. arenarium", "authorship": "Dunal" }, { "name": "Solanum ciliatum var. multiflorum", "authorship": "Dunal" }, { "name": "Solanum exarmatum", "authorship": "Anil, Maya, Soumya & K.Murugan" }, { "name": "Solanum macowanii", "authorship": "Fourc." }, { "name": "Solanum pentapetaloides", "authorship": "Roxb." }, { "name": "Solanum pentapetaloides", "authorship": "Roxb. ex Hornem." }, { "name": "Solanum pentapetalum", "authorship": "Schltdl." }, { "name": "Solanum sinuatifolium", "authorship": "Vell." }, { "name": "Solanum sphaerocarpum", "authorship": "Moric." }, { "name": "Solanum ungens", "authorship": "Weinm." }, { "name": "Solanum xanthocarpum var. geoffrayi", "authorship": "Bonati" } ], "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_capsicoides" }, "photographs": { "shown": 8, "usable_found": 123, "licences": [ "CC0", "CC-BY", "CC-BY-SA" ], "noncommercial_excluded": true, "items": [ { "photo_id": 203554718, "license": "CC-BY-SA", "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": true, "creator": "Darren Oh", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/darrenoh", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/0eba2bc3-c8d4-428c-8c14-44d03abee348", "observed_on": "2022-06-05", "lat": 27.997, "lon": -81.824, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 768 }, 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CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist" } ] }, "native_range": { "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3", "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "excludes": [ "introduced", "extinct", "location_doubtful" ], "codes": [ "AGE", "BZE", "BZS", "BZL", "CLM", "VEN", "VNA" ], "regions": [ { "code": "AGE", "name": "Argentina Northeast", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southern South America" }, { "code": "BZE", "name": "Brazil Northeast", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "BZS", "name": "Brazil South", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "BZL", "name": "Brazil Southeast", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "CLM", "name": "Colombia", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Western South America" }, { "code": "VEN", "name": "Venezuela", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northern South America" }, { "code": "VNA", "name": "Venezuelan Antilles", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Caribbean" } ] }, "phenology": { "n": 52, "n_annotated": 228, "sufficient": true, "by_month": [ 4, 2, 1, 11, 4, 4, 4, 10, 3, 4, 2, 3 ], "annotated_by_month": [ 33, 14, 12, 25, 11, 17, 22, 26, 18, 19, 17, 14 ], "share": [ 0.1212, 0.1429, 0.0833, 0.44, 0.3636, 0.2353, 0.1818, 0.3846, 0.1667, 0.2105, 0.1176, 0.2143 ], "ci": [ [ 0.0482, 0.2733 ], [ 0.0401, 0.3994 ], [ 0.0149, 0.3539 ], [ 0.2667, 0.6293 ], [ 0.1517, 0.6462 ], [ 0.0955, 0.4726 ], [ 0.0731, 0.3852 ], [ 0.2243, 0.5747 ], [ 0.0584, 0.3922 ], [ 0.0851, 0.4333 ], [ 0.0329, 0.3434 ], [ 0.0757, 0.4759 ] ], "peak_month": 4, "peak_basis": "share", "min_month_n": 5, "fruiting": { "n": 202, "by_month": [ 32, 12, 10, 19, 9, 15, 20, 24, 18, 16, 16, 11 ], "share": [ 0.9697, 0.8571, 0.8333, 0.76, 0.8182, 0.8824, 0.9091, 0.9231, 1, 0.8421, 0.9412, 0.7857 ], "ci": [ [ 0.8468, 0.9946 ], [ 0.6006, 0.9599 ], [ 0.552, 0.953 ], [ 0.5657, 0.885 ], [ 0.523, 0.9486 ], [ 0.6566, 0.9671 ], [ 0.7218, 0.9747 ], [ 0.7586, 0.9786 ], [ 0.8241, 1 ], [ 0.6243, 0.9448 ], [ 0.7302, 0.9895 ], [ 0.5241, 0.9243 ] ], "peak_month": 9 }, "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)", "fields": { "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)", "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".", "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.", "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.", "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count." } }, "traits": { "lifeform": "annual or subshrub", "climate": "wet tropical" }, "identification": { "on_device_model": { "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)", "identifies_this_species": false }, "in_accuracy_benchmark": false, "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/", "confused_with": [] }, "sources": [ { "name": "World Flora Online Plant List", "note": "accepted name, authority, classification", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-12" }, { "name": "iNaturalist", "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only", "license": "per photograph", "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/", "retrieved": "2026-06-27" }, { "name": "Wikidata", "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-13" }, { "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr", "retrieved": "2026-06-04" } ], "gaps": [ { "field": "care", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted." }, { "field": "toxicity", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready." }, { "field": "botanical_review", "status": "not_sourced", "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page." } ], "license": { "data": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/solanum-capsicoides/", "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)." } }