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  "last_modified": "2024-11-20",
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    "inat_taxon_id": 594568
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    "scientific": "Solanum campylacanthum",
    "authorship": "Hochst. ex A.Rich.",
    "genus": "Solanum",
    "epithet": "campylacanthum",
    "family": "Solanaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 102. 1850.",
    "protologue_url": "http://solanaceaesource.org/solanaceae/solanum-campylacanthum",
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      {
        "name": "Solanum antidotum",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum astrochlaenoides",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum benguelense",
        "authorship": "Peyr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum beniense",
        "authorship": "De Wild."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum bojeri",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum bojeri var. bojeri",
        "authorship": null
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      {
        "name": "Solanum bojeri var. deckenii",
        "authorship": "(Dammer) Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum bojeri var. houyanum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum bojeri var. integrum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum bojeri var. sinuatorepandum",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum bussei",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Dunal"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum f. pliomerum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum subsp. campylacanthum",
        "authorship": null
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      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum subsp. cordifrons",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum subsp. kondeense",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum subsp. panduriforme",
        "authorship": "(Dunal) J.Samuels"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum var. campylacanthum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum var. ellipsoideum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum campylacanthum var. mollius",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum cufodontii",
        "authorship": "Lanza"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum deckenii",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense",
        "authorship": "Dunal"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense subsp. baumii",
        "authorship": "Dammer ex Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense subsp. delagoense",
        "authorship": null
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense subsp. epacanthastrum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense subsp. omahekense",
        "authorship": "(Dammer) Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense subsp. pliomorphum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense subsp. punctatistellatum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense subsp. transvaalense",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. astrochlaenoides",
        "authorship": "(Dammer) Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. benguelense",
        "authorship": "(Peyr.) Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. brachyastrotrichum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. delagoense",
        "authorship": null
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. fischeri",
        "authorship": "(Dammer) Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. karagweanum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. munitius",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. obliquum",
        "authorship": "(Dammer) Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delagoense var. tomentellum",
        "authorship": "(Klotzsch) Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum delpierrei",
        "authorship": "De Wild."
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      {
        "name": "Solanum endlichii",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum fischeri",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum goniocalyx",
        "authorship": "Lanza"
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        "name": "Solanum himatacanthum",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum incanum var. kavirondoense",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum iodes",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum lachneion",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum lachneion var. abbreviatum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum lachneion var. intercedens",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum lachneion var. lachneion",
        "authorship": null
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      {
        "name": "Solanum lachneion var. protopyrrhotrichum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum macrosepalum",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum magdalenae",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum malacochlamys",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum malacochlamys var. malacochlamys",
        "authorship": null
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        "name": "Solanum malacochlamys var. transgrediens",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum maranguense",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum melongenifolium",
        "authorship": "Lanza"
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri f. subinerme",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri subsp. merkeri",
        "authorship": null
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      {
        "name": "Solanum merkeri subsp. militans",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri var. endastrophorum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri var. intermontanum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri var. mediidominans",
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri var. merkeri",
        "authorship": null
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri var. ruandense",
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        "name": "Solanum merkeri var. tobleri",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum mesomorphum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum mossambicensis",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch"
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        "name": "Solanum neumannii",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum neumannii var. neumannii",
        "authorship": null
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        "name": "Solanum neumannii var. schoense",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum obliquum",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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        "name": "Solanum ochracanthum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum omahekense",
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        "name": "Solanum omitiomirense",
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        "name": "Solanum panduriforme",
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      {
        "name": "Solanum pembae",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum pentheri",
        "authorship": "Gand."
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        "name": "Solanum pharmacum",
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        "name": "Solanum phoricum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch"
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        "name": "Solanum pliomerum",
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        "name": "Solanum psilostylum",
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        "name": "Solanum repandifrons",
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        "name": "Solanum secedens",
        "authorship": "Dammer"
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      {
        "name": "Solanum sennii",
        "authorship": "Chiov."
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        "name": "Solanum stellativillosum",
        "authorship": "Bitter"
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        "name": "Solanum stellativillosum var. makinduense",
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        "name": "Solanum volkensii var. himatacanthum",
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        "name": "Solanum volkensii var. volkensii",
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        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "DJI",
        "name": "Djibouti",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 238,
    "n_annotated": 353,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      44,
      27,
      17,
      19,
      9,
      6,
      2,
      3,
      18,
      23,
      29,
      41
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      54,
      32,
      24,
      49,
      23,
      23,
      8,
      8,
      23,
      30,
      35,
      44
    ],
    "share": [
      0.8148,
      0.8438,
      0.7083,
      0.3878,
      0.3913,
      0.2609,
      0.25,
      0.375,
      0.7826,
      0.7667,
      0.8286,
      0.9318
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.6916,
        0.8962
      ],
      [
        0.6825,
        0.9314
      ],
      [
        0.5083,
        0.8509
      ],
      [
        0.2643,
        0.5275
      ],
      [
        0.2216,
        0.5921
      ],
      [
        0.1255,
        0.4647
      ],
      [
        0.0715,
        0.5907
      ],
      [
        0.1368,
        0.6943
      ],
      [
        0.581,
        0.9034
      ],
      [
        0.5907,
        0.8821
      ],
      [
        0.6732,
        0.919
      ],
      [
        0.8177,
        0.9765
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 12,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 118,
      "by_month": [
        8,
        7,
        8,
        30,
        12,
        16,
        7,
        5,
        8,
        7,
        6,
        4
      ],
      "share": [
        0.1481,
        0.2188,
        0.3333,
        0.6122,
        0.5217,
        0.6957,
        0.875,
        0.625,
        0.3478,
        0.2333,
        0.1714,
        0.0909
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.077,
          0.266
        ],
        [
          0.1102,
          0.3876
        ],
        [
          0.1797,
          0.5329
        ],
        [
          0.4725,
          0.7357
        ],
        [
          0.3296,
          0.7076
        ],
        [
          0.4913,
          0.844
        ],
        [
          0.5291,
          0.9776
        ],
        [
          0.3057,
          0.8632
        ],
        [
          0.1881,
          0.5511
        ],
        [
          0.1179,
          0.4093
        ],
        [
          0.081,
          0.3268
        ],
        [
          0.0359,
          0.2116
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 7
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 15.7,
      "median": 19.9,
      "p95": 23.4
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 213.9,
      "median": 334,
      "p95": 423.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 24.7,
      "median": 28.6,
      "p95": 33.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 2.8,
      "median": 7.2,
      "p95": 15.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 417.8,
      "median": 676.7,
      "p95": 1103.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 45.9,
      "median": 80.2,
      "p95": 109
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 2.6,
      "median": 18.6,
      "p95": 101.9
    },
    "n": 1999,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1999 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/solanum-campylacanthum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}