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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/smilax-aspera/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "smilax-aspera",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000740704",
    "inat_taxon_id": 82903
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Smilax aspera",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Smilax",
    "epithet": "aspera",
    "family": "Smilacaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 1028 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:541279-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "catbrier",
      "english": [
        "catbrier",
        "common smilax",
        "greenbrier",
        "prickly-ivy",
        "rough bindweed"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera f. balearica",
        "authorship": "(Willk. ex A.DC.) Knoche"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera f. intermedia",
        "authorship": "Knoche"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera f. punctata",
        "authorship": "(Kolb) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera subsp. balearica",
        "authorship": "(Willk. ex A.DC.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera subsp. balearica",
        "authorship": "(Willk. ex A.DC.) Romo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera subsp. balearica",
        "authorship": "(Willk.) Romo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera subsp. mauritanica",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera subsp. nigra",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. altissima",
        "authorship": "Moris & De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. balearica",
        "authorship": "Willk. ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. maculata",
        "authorship": "(Roxb. ex D.Don) A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. mauritanica",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. mauritanica",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. nigra",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. ochrocarpa",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. perrottetiana",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. picta",
        "authorship": "Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax aspera var. punctata",
        "authorship": "Kolb"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax balearica",
        "authorship": "(Willk. ex A.DC.) Burnat & Barbey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax brevipes",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax capitata",
        "authorship": "Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax catalonica",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax conferta",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax excelsa",
        "authorship": "Duhamel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax goetzeana",
        "authorship": "Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax inermis",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax intricatissima",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax longipes",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax maculata",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax maculata",
        "authorship": "Roxb. ex D.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax mauritanica",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax mauritanica",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax mauritanica",
        "authorship": "Webb & Berthel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax mauritanica subsp. vespertilionis",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax mauritanica var. vespertilionis",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax nigra",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax nilagirensis",
        "authorship": "Steud. ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax peduncularis",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax pendulina",
        "authorship": "Lowe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax picta",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax platyphylla",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax rettiana",
        "authorship": "Willis ex Livera"
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax rigida",
        "authorship": "Banks & Sol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax sagittata",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax sagittifolia",
        "authorship": "G.Lodd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax saxicola",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax tetragona",
        "authorship": "L.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax variabilis",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Smilax willkommii",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilax_aspera"
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        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 225,
    "n_annotated": 1477,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      2,
      0,
      3,
      1,
      1,
      0,
      27,
      151,
      33,
      7
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      101,
      92,
      111,
      163,
      118,
      71,
      107,
      122,
      168,
      240,
      103,
      81
    ],
    "share": [
      0,
      0,
      0.018,
      0,
      0.0254,
      0.0141,
      0.0093,
      0,
      0.1607,
      0.6292,
      0.3204,
      0.0864
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0,
        0.0366
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0401
      ],
      [
        0.005,
        0.0633
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.023
      ],
      [
        0.0087,
        0.0721
      ],
      [
        0.0025,
        0.0756
      ],
      [
        0.0017,
        0.0511
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0305
      ],
      [
        0.1129,
        0.2237
      ],
      [
        0.5665,
        0.6878
      ],
      [
        0.2381,
        0.4156
      ],
      [
        0.0425,
        0.1678
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 10,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 697,
      "by_month": [
        49,
        52,
        68,
        88,
        52,
        29,
        37,
        63,
        96,
        73,
        46,
        44
      ],
      "share": [
        0.4851,
        0.5652,
        0.6126,
        0.5399,
        0.4407,
        0.4085,
        0.3458,
        0.5164,
        0.5714,
        0.3042,
        0.4466,
        0.5432
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.39,
          0.5814
        ],
        [
          0.4633,
          0.6619
        ],
        [
          0.5197,
          0.698
        ],
        [
          0.4633,
          0.6146
        ],
        [
          0.3544,
          0.5307
        ],
        [
          0.3017,
          0.5246
        ],
        [
          0.2624,
          0.4398
        ],
        [
          0.4286,
          0.6032
        ],
        [
          0.4958,
          0.6438
        ],
        [
          0.2494,
          0.3651
        ],
        [
          0.3542,
          0.5428
        ],
        [
          0.4352,
          0.6473
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 3
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "climber",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/smilax-aspera/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}