{
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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/setaria-verticillata/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "setaria-verticillata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000899661",
    "inat_taxon_id": 79069
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Setaria verticillata",
    "authorship": "(L.) P.Beauv.",
    "genus": "Setaria",
    "epithet": "verticillata",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Ess. Agrostogr. : 51 (1812)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:421857-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "bristly foxtail",
      "english": [
        "bristly foxtail",
        "hooked bristlegrass",
        "rough bristlegrass"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa verticillata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Scribn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa verticillata var. breviseta",
        "authorship": "(Mutel) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis italica var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis italica var. densa",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis italica var. verticillata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis verticillata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Porter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ixophorus verticillatus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Nash"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum ambiguum",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Hausskn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum asperum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum decipiens",
        "authorship": "(F.W.Schultz) E.H.L.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum floribundum",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum italicum",
        "authorship": "Ucria"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum respiciens",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum rude",
        "authorship": "Lam. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum subsp. aparine",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. ambiguum",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. antrorsum",
        "authorship": "A.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. arenosum",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. brevisetum",
        "authorship": "Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. coloratum",
        "authorship": "A.Braun ex Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. maior",
        "authorship": "Thunb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. retrorsum",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Schweinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. robustum",
        "authorship": "A.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. seticuliferum",
        "authorship": "Pauquy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum verticillatum var. vulgare",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum viride",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pennisetum verticillatum",
        "authorship": "(L.) R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria adhaerens subsp. verticillata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Belo-Corr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria adhaerens var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Belo-Corr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria adhaerens var. antrorsa",
        "authorship": "(A.Braun) H.Scholz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria adhaerens var. verticillata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Belo-Corr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria ambigua f. major",
        "authorship": "Bujor."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria ambigua f. ramiflora",
        "authorship": "Bujor."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria ambigua var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Freyn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria ambigua var. major",
        "authorship": "Bujor."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria carnei",
        "authorship": "Hitchc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria conglomerata",
        "authorship": "Fr. ex Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria decipiens",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria decipiens",
        "authorship": "Schimp. ex Morariu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria decipiens f. latifolia",
        "authorship": "(Freyn) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria decipiens f. major",
        "authorship": "(Bujor.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria decipiens f. schultheissii",
        "authorship": "(Zimm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria decipiens subf. ramiflora",
        "authorship": "(Bujor.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria decipiens subf. tosea",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria decipiens var. schulteissii",
        "authorship": "(Zimm.) Morariu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria floribunda",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria glauca var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Bouvier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gussonei",
        "authorship": "Kerguélen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria leiantha f. subhirsuta",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria nubica",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria panicea subsp. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria pratensis",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria pseudoverticillata",
        "authorship": "Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria teysmannii",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata f. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) B.Boivin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata f. arenosa",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Morariu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata f. verticillata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. aparine",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Asch. & Schweinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. arenosa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. breviseta",
        "authorship": "Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. congesta",
        "authorship": "F.Gérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Freyn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. longiseta",
        "authorship": "Ducommun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. pilifera",
        "authorship": "B.de Lesd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Maire & Weiller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. ramosa",
        "authorship": "N.H.F.Desp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. respiciens",
        "authorship": "(Walp.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticillata var. verticillata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria verticilliformis",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria viridis subsp. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria viridis var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Coss. & Durieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria viridis var. insularis",
        "authorship": "N.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setariopsis verticillata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Samp."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setaria_verticillata"
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        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "DJI",
        "name": "Djibouti",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSA",
        "name": "Western Sahara",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "GST",
        "name": "Gulf States",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUW",
        "name": "Kuwait",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOA",
        "name": "South Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAS",
        "name": "Tasmania",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIC",
        "name": "Victoria",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 49,
    "n_annotated": 106,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      4,
      0,
      9,
      0,
      6,
      8,
      9,
      2,
      4,
      4,
      3
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      4,
      8,
      2,
      12,
      0,
      13,
      13,
      18,
      10,
      13,
      8,
      5
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      0.5,
      null,
      0.75,
      null,
      0.4615,
      0.6154,
      0.5,
      0.2,
      0.3077,
      0.5,
      0.6
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      [
        0.2152,
        0.7848
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.4677,
        0.9111
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.2321,
        0.7086
      ],
      [
        0.3552,
        0.8229
      ],
      [
        0.2903,
        0.7097
      ],
      [
        0.0567,
        0.5098
      ],
      [
        0.1268,
        0.5763
      ],
      [
        0.2152,
        0.7848
      ],
      [
        0.2307,
        0.8824
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 4,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 73,
      "by_month": [
        4,
        6,
        2,
        8,
        0,
        10,
        6,
        11,
        7,
        10,
        7,
        2
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        0.75,
        null,
        0.6667,
        null,
        0.7692,
        0.4615,
        0.6111,
        0.7,
        0.7692,
        0.875,
        0.4
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        [
          0.4093,
          0.9285
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.3906,
          0.8619
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.4974,
          0.9182
        ],
        [
          0.2321,
          0.7086
        ],
        [
          0.3862,
          0.797
        ],
        [
          0.3968,
          0.8922
        ],
        [
          0.4974,
          0.9182
        ],
        [
          0.5291,
          0.9776
        ],
        [
          0.1176,
          0.7693
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 11
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual",
    "climate": "subtropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 7.9,
      "median": 14.3,
      "p95": 23.9
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 332.2,
      "median": 572.2,
      "p95": 968.9
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 22.9,
      "median": 27.5,
      "p95": 33.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -8.5,
      "median": 2.6,
      "p95": 15
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 335.2,
      "median": 728.7,
      "p95": 2937.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.3,
      "median": 38.8,
      "p95": 100.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 5.6,
      "median": 98.7,
      "p95": 284.7
    },
    "n": 2000,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2000 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/setaria-verticillata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}