{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/setaria-parviflora/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "setaria-parviflora",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000899442",
    "inat_taxon_id": 79068
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Setaria parviflora",
    "authorship": "(Poir.) Kerguélen",
    "genus": "Setaria",
    "epithet": "parviflora",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Lejeunia, n.s., 120: 161 (1987)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:943811-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Knotroot Foxtail",
      "english": [
        "Knotroot Foxtail",
        "Marsh Brittlegrass",
        "marsh bristlegrass"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Alopecurus rubicundus",
        "authorship": "Buch.-Ham. ex Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cenchrus parviflorus",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cenchrus polystachios",
        "authorship": "(L.) Morrone"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa corrugata var. parviflora",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa flava",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Scribn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa geniculata",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Millsp. & Chase"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa geniculata var. geniculata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa geniculata var. perennis",
        "authorship": "(Hall) House"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa geniculata var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Elliott) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa imberbis",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Scribn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa imberbis subsp. versicolor",
        "authorship": "(E.P.Bicknell) W.Stone"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa imberbis var. geniculata",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa imberbis var. imberbis",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa imberbis var. penicillata",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa imberbis var. perennis",
        "authorship": "(Hall) Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa imberbis var. streptobotrys",
        "authorship": "(E.Fourn.) Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa imberbis var. versicolor",
        "authorship": "(E.P.Bicknell) W.Stone"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa laevigata",
        "authorship": "Scribn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa occidentalis",
        "authorship": "Nash"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa parviflora",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Scribn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa penicillata",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Scribn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa perennis",
        "authorship": "(Hall) C.Bicknell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa ventenatii",
        "authorship": "Nash"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa versicolor",
        "authorship": "E.P.Bicknell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chaetochloa viridis var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis glauca var. geniculata",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis glauca var. imberbis",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis glauca var. laevigata",
        "authorship": "(Nutt.) Beal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis glauca var. penicillata",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis glauca var. perennis",
        "authorship": "(Hall) Beal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Kuntze ex Stuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis imberbis",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Kuntze ex Stuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis penicillata",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Stuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis ventenatii",
        "authorship": "Beal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa geniculata",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Millsp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gymnotrix polystachion",
        "authorship": "(L.) Sw. ex Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ixophorus glaucus var. laevigata",
        "authorship": "(Muhl. ex Elliott) Chapm. ex Gatt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ixophorus glaucus var. laevigatus",
        "authorship": "(Nutt.) Gatt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum adscendens",
        "authorship": "Hoffmanns. ex Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum alopecuroideum",
        "authorship": "Schreb. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum ascendens",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum beccabunga",
        "authorship": "Rendle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum berteronianum",
        "authorship": "(Schult.) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum brachytrichum",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum brasiliense",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum congestum",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum dasyurum",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum flavum",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum fuscescens",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum fuscescens",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum geniculatum",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum geniculatum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum glaberrimum",
        "authorship": "Elliott ex Scribn. & Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum glaucescens",
        "authorship": "Salzm. ex Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum glaucum",
        "authorship": "Steud. ex Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum glaucum var. brasiliense",
        "authorship": "Trin. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum glaucum var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Elliott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum glaucum var. tejucense",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum gobariense",
        "authorship": "Vanderyst"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum imberbe",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum imberbe var. dasyurum",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum imberbe var. glaucocaesium",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum imberbe var. gracile",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Kneuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum imberbe var. gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Kneuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum imberbe var. latifolium",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum imberbe var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum laevigatum",
        "authorship": "Muhl. ex Elliott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum lutescens var. flavum",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Backer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum medium",
        "authorship": "Muhl. ex Elliott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum occidentale",
        "authorship": "(Nash) Nieuwl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum polystachion",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum pseudoholcus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum raripilum",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum tejucense",
        "authorship": "Nees ex Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum ventenatii",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum versicolor",
        "authorship": "Nieuwl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum virescens",
        "authorship": "Salzm. ex Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum vulpinum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pennisetum geniculatum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) J.Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pennisetum indicum subvar. parviflora",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Leeke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pennisetum laevigatum",
        "authorship": "Nutt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pennisetum parviflorum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pennisetum polystachion",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria affinis",
        "authorship": "Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria ambigua",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria barretoi",
        "authorship": "Boldrini"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria berteroniana",
        "authorship": "Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria brachytricha",
        "authorship": "Mez ex R.A.W.Herrm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria discolor",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria fieldingii",
        "authorship": "Müll.Hal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria flava",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria flava var. pumila",
        "authorship": "E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria floriana",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria geniculata",
        "authorship": "P.Beauv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria geniculata var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria geniculata var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Urb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria glauca f. longiseta",
        "authorship": "Vis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria glauca f. pallens",
        "authorship": "Hegi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria glauca var. geniculata",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Urb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria glauca var. imberbis",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria glauca var. laevigata",
        "authorship": "(Nutt.) Chapm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria glauca var. penicillata",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria glauca var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Torr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. breviglumis",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. breviseta",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. brevispica",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. flaviseta",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. longiseta",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. megalantha",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. penicillata",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Mez ex Ekman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. pilosissima",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Arechav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis f. radicans",
        "authorship": "Hack. ex Hicken"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis var. dasyura",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Arechav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis var. dasyurum",
        "authorship": "Arechav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis var. glaucocaesia",
        "authorship": "Arechav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Arechav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis var. latifolium",
        "authorship": "Arechav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis var. pilosissima",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria gracilis var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Arechav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis f. breviseta",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis f. brevispica",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis f. flaviseta",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis f. longiseta",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis f. radicans",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis f. setislongioribus",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis f. uberior",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis var. gracilis",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis var. perennis",
        "authorship": "(Hall) House"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis var. perennis",
        "authorship": "Hitchc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Hack. ex Stuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria imberbis var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria laevigata",
        "authorship": "(Nutt.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria lutescens f. longiseta",
        "authorship": "(Vis.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria lutescens f. pallens",
        "authorship": "(Hegi) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria lutescens var. flava",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Yamam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria parviflora var. brachytricha",
        "authorship": "(Mez ex R.A.W.Herrm.) Pensiero"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria parviflora var. parviflora",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria parviflora var. pilosissima",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Pensiero"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria penicillata",
        "authorship": "J.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria perennis",
        "authorship": "Hall"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria stipaeculmis",
        "authorship": "Müll.Hal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria stipiculmis",
        "authorship": "C.Muell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria streptobotrys",
        "authorship": "E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria tejucensis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria tenella",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria ventenatii",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Setaria vulpina",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) P.Beauv."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setaria_parviflora"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 678,
    "licences": [
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 204044115,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8b8e4779-8617-4545-8704-c2ab9bf12afb",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": 22.115,
        "lon": -159.67,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204044115/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204044115/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204044115/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204044115/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204041024,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9d91b2c8-f9b2-42ba-b87c-1231caae36d5",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": 22.109,
        "lon": -159.671,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204041024/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204041024/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204041024/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204041024/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204044717,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/294b47c9-5006-4e01-93da-f2215811875b",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": 22.076,
        "lon": -159.666,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204044717/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204044717/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204044717/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204044717/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204040472,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5b28ec6b-694f-4272-aa27-466be17a9753",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": 22.071,
        "lon": -159.664,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204040472/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204040472/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204040472/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204040472/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204040778,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5e022935-138e-46c3-83d7-66d5159e36f9",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": 22.07,
        "lon": -159.664,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204040778/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204040778/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204040778/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204040778/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204034572,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ddc26505-80a7-44d8-af90-65bfd5c9994d",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": 22.063,
        "lon": -159.664,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204034572/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204034572/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204034572/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204034572/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204043544,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135b5742-5c57-4bf3-9186-a2a5e74c82f1",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": 22.131,
        "lon": -159.655,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204043544/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204043544/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204043544/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204043544/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 203964934,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Kevin Faccenda",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/kevinfaccenda",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f5641105-ab56-4715-b920-eb04711c59eb",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-29",
        "lat": 22.09,
        "lon": -159.371,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203964934/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203964934/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203964934/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/203964934/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Kevin Faccenda, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALA",
      "ARI",
      "ARK",
      "CAL",
      "CNT",
      "DEL",
      "WDC",
      "FLA",
      "GEO",
      "IDA",
      "ILL",
      "INI",
      "IOW",
      "KAN",
      "KTY",
      "LOU",
      "MRY",
      "MAS",
      "MXI",
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "MSI",
      "MSO",
      "NEV",
      "NWJ",
      "NWM",
      "NWY",
      "NCA",
      "OHI",
      "OKL",
      "ORE",
      "PEN",
      "RHO",
      "SCA",
      "TEN",
      "TEX",
      "UTA",
      "VRG",
      "WAS",
      "WVA",
      "AGE",
      "AGW",
      "AGS",
      "BAH",
      "BLZ",
      "BER",
      "BOL",
      "BZN",
      "BZE",
      "BZS",
      "BZL",
      "BZC",
      "CAY",
      "CPI",
      "CLC",
      "CLN",
      "CLS",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "CUB",
      "DSV",
      "DOM",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "FRG",
      "GAL",
      "GUA",
      "GUY",
      "HAI",
      "HON",
      "JAM",
      "JNF",
      "LEE",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PAR",
      "PER",
      "PUE",
      "SUR",
      "TRT",
      "TCI",
      "URU",
      "VEN",
      "VNA",
      "WIN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALA",
        "name": "Alabama",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARK",
        "name": "Arkansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "DEL",
        "name": "Delaware",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WDC",
        "name": "District of Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GEO",
        "name": "Georgia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IDA",
        "name": "Idaho",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KAN",
        "name": "Kansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXI",
        "name": "Mexican Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MSI",
        "name": "Mississippi",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEV",
        "name": "Nevada",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SCA",
        "name": "South Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "UTA",
        "name": "Utah",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGS",
        "name": "Argentina South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAH",
        "name": "Bahamas",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BER",
        "name": "Bermuda",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZC",
        "name": "Brazil West-Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAY",
        "name": "Cayman Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPI",
        "name": "Central American Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLC",
        "name": "Chile Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLN",
        "name": "Chile North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLS",
        "name": "Chile South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DSV",
        "name": "Desventurados Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAL",
        "name": "Galápagos",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "JNF",
        "name": "Juan Fernández Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAR",
        "name": "Paraguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCI",
        "name": "Turks-Caicos Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "URU",
        "name": "Uruguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 133,
    "n_annotated": 224,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      5,
      13,
      16,
      14,
      14,
      15,
      9,
      14,
      11,
      11,
      3,
      8
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      14,
      20,
      19,
      25,
      21,
      24,
      14,
      20,
      23,
      23,
      11,
      10
    ],
    "share": [
      0.3571,
      0.65,
      0.8421,
      0.56,
      0.6667,
      0.625,
      0.6429,
      0.7,
      0.4783,
      0.4783,
      0.2727,
      0.8
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.1634,
        0.6124
      ],
      [
        0.4329,
        0.8188
      ],
      [
        0.6243,
        0.9448
      ],
      [
        0.3707,
        0.7333
      ],
      [
        0.4537,
        0.8281
      ],
      [
        0.4271,
        0.7884
      ],
      [
        0.3876,
        0.8366
      ],
      [
        0.481,
        0.8545
      ],
      [
        0.2924,
        0.6704
      ],
      [
        0.2924,
        0.6704
      ],
      [
        0.0975,
        0.5657
      ],
      [
        0.4902,
        0.9433
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 3,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 106,
      "by_month": [
        9,
        10,
        4,
        14,
        8,
        7,
        7,
        8,
        14,
        13,
        8,
        4
      ],
      "share": [
        0.6429,
        0.5,
        0.2105,
        0.56,
        0.381,
        0.2917,
        0.5,
        0.4,
        0.6087,
        0.5652,
        0.7273,
        0.4
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.3876,
          0.8366
        ],
        [
          0.2993,
          0.7007
        ],
        [
          0.0851,
          0.4333
        ],
        [
          0.3707,
          0.7333
        ],
        [
          0.2075,
          0.5912
        ],
        [
          0.1491,
          0.4917
        ],
        [
          0.268,
          0.732
        ],
        [
          0.2188,
          0.6134
        ],
        [
          0.4079,
          0.7784
        ],
        [
          0.3681,
          0.7437
        ],
        [
          0.4343,
          0.9025
        ],
        [
          0.1682,
          0.6873
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 11
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual or perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 13.9,
      "median": 20.2,
      "p95": 24.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 118.6,
      "median": 453.9,
      "p95": 779.6
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 21.4,
      "median": 30.3,
      "p95": 34.8
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 0.1,
      "median": 8.6,
      "p95": 19.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 675.4,
      "median": 1294.5,
      "p95": 3591.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 14.4,
      "median": 31.1,
      "p95": 83.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 38.5,
      "median": 186,
      "p95": 574.2
    },
    "n": 1917,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1917 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/setaria-parviflora/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}