{
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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/senna-bicapsularis/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-10",
  "id": {
    "slug": "senna-bicapsularis",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000214823",
    "inat_taxon_id": 134205
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Senna bicapsularis",
    "authorship": "(L.) Roxb.",
    "genus": "Senna",
    "epithet": "bicapsularis",
    "family": "Fabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 2: 342 (1832)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.legumedata.org/taxonomy/taxon/2491981",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Christmas Bush",
      "english": [
        "Christmas Bush",
        "Christmasbush",
        "Money Bush",
        "Rambling Senna",
        "Yellow Candlebush"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Adipera bicapsularis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Adipera spiciflora",
        "authorship": "Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia advena",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Vogel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia alcaparilla",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia augusti",
        "authorship": "Harms"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia berryana",
        "authorship": "Voigt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia berterii",
        "authorship": "Colla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia berteroi",
        "authorship": "Colla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia bicapsularis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia bicapsularis var. aristata",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia bicapsularis var. augusti",
        "authorship": "(Harms) J.F.Macbr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia bicapsularis var. chilensis",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia bicapsularis var. quadrijuga",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia chinensis",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia chrysoloma",
        "authorship": "De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia collae",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia darmiens",
        "authorship": "Vell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia emarginata",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia frondosa",
        "authorship": "Hook. & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia glandulifera",
        "authorship": "Reinw. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia glanduliflora",
        "authorship": "Reinw. ex Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia grandiflora",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia inflata",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia laevigata",
        "authorship": "sensu Prain, non Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia limensis",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia sennoides",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia spiciflora",
        "authorship": "Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cassia transversali-seminata",
        "authorship": "De Wild."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cathartocarpus bicapsularis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Ham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaefistula inflata",
        "authorship": "(Spreng.) G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Diallobus bicapsularis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isandrina arborescens",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isandrina emarginata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Britton & Rose"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_bicapsularis"
  },
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    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ARU",
      "BAH",
      "BOL",
      "CLM",
      "CUB",
      "DOM",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "FRG",
      "GAL",
      "GUY",
      "HAI",
      "HON",
      "JAM",
      "LEE",
      "NLA",
      "PAN",
      "PER",
      "PUE",
      "SWC",
      "TRT",
      "TCI",
      "VEN",
      "VNA",
      "WIN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ARU",
        "name": "Aruba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAH",
        "name": "Bahamas",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAL",
        "name": "Galápagos",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NLA",
        "name": "Netherlands Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWC",
        "name": "Southwest Caribbean",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCI",
        "name": "Turks-Caicos Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 25,
    "n_annotated": 32,
    "sufficient": false
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 25 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/senna-bicapsularis/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}