{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/scapania-undulata/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-03",
  "id": {
    "slug": "scapania-undulata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001196823",
    "inat_taxon_id": 123973
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Scapania undulata",
    "authorship": "(L.) Dumort.",
    "genus": "Scapania",
    "epithet": "undulata",
    "family": "Scapaniaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Recueil Observ. Jungerm.: 14. 1835.",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.bryonames.org/",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia carinata",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia cochleariformis",
        "authorship": "Weiss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia nemorosa f. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia nemorosa var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia purpurea",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia purpurea",
        "authorship": "Scop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia resupinata",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia resupinata var. dentata",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Mathieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. aequata",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. aequata-angusta",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. cuspidata",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. humilis",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. humilis-dentata",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. laxa",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. major",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. speciosa",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata f. tortifolia",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. aequata",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Moug. & Nestl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. condensata",
        "authorship": "Grognot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. fasciculata",
        "authorship": "Huebener"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Huebener"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Moug., Nestl. & Schimp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. repanda",
        "authorship": "Huebener"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. resupinata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. rivularis",
        "authorship": "Huebener"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jungermannia undulata var. undulata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellia resupinata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellia squarrosula",
        "authorship": "(Lindenb.) Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellia undulata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius dentata",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Arnell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius nemorosus var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius oakesii",
        "authorship": "(Austin) Arnell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Arnell & C.E.O.Jensen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius purpurascens f. pygmaea",
        "authorship": "Arnell & C.E.O.Jensen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius purpurascens var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(De Not.) C.E.O.Jensen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius resupinatus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius squarrosulus",
        "authorship": "(Lindenb.) Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulata f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulata var. integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulatus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulatus subsp. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Arnell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulatus subsp. undulatus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulatus var. aequatiformis",
        "authorship": "(De Not.) C.E.O.Jensen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulatus var. dentata",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulatus var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulatus var. rivularis",
        "authorship": "(Huebener) H.A.Möller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Martinellius undulatus var. undulatus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Mnium jungermannia",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila nemorosa subsp. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Ångstr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Mont. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata f. isoloba",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata subsp. aequata",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Ångstr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata subsp. laxa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Ångstr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata subsp. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Ångstr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata var. boliviensis",
        "authorship": "Nees & Mont."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata var. major",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Plagiochila undulata var. speciosa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleurozia cochleariformis",
        "authorship": "(Weiss) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Radula cochleariformis",
        "authorship": "(Weiss) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Radula dentata",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Radula nemorosa var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Radula resupinata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Radula undulata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania alata",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania atrata",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata f. densa",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Frib.) Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata f. inermis",
        "authorship": "Macvicar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata f. laxa",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata f. minor",
        "authorship": "Macvicar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata f. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata f. rosea",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata f. rubra",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(De Not.) C.Massal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. heterophylla",
        "authorship": "Müll.Frib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. oakesii",
        "authorship": "(Austin) Müll.Frib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. oblongiloba",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. pulchra",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Dalla Torre & Sarnth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. speciosa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Cogn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. subintegerrima",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania dentata var. taeniiformis",
        "authorship": "Müll.Frib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania douinii",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania douinii var. hygrophila",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania falcata",
        "authorship": "Steph. ex Müll.Frib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania groenlandica",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania heterophylla",
        "authorship": "M.Howe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania informis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania intermedia",
        "authorship": "(Husn.) Pearson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania nemorosa f. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania nemorosa subsp. intermedia",
        "authorship": "(Husn.) Boulay"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania nemorosa var. intermedia",
        "authorship": "Husn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania nemorosa var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania nemorosa var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania nuda",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania oakesii",
        "authorship": "Austin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania oseensis",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania paludosa var. aquatica",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania paludosa var. natans",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania paucidentata",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Taylor ex Pearson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania purpurascens var. speciosa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Macvicar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania purpurea",
        "authorship": "Kashyap & R.S.Chopra"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania resupinata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania resupinata f. chlorotica",
        "authorship": "(Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees) Bernet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania resupinata f. gemmipara",
        "authorship": "Corb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania resupinata f. laxa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Bernet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania resupinata f. major",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Bernet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania resupinata var. speciosa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) C.Massal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania speciosa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Lett"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania splendens",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania squarrosula",
        "authorship": "Lindenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania suecica",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. aequata",
        "authorship": "(Nees) P.Kumm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. dentata",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Jørg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. denticulata",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. dubia",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. elongata",
        "authorship": "Müll.Frib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. flagellaris",
        "authorship": "(Loeske) Müll.Frib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. fluitans",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. laxa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) P.Kumm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. minor",
        "authorship": "(Lamy ex Husn.) Réchin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. oakesii",
        "authorship": "(Austin) Jørg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. prolixa",
        "authorship": "(De Not.) C.Massal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. remota",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. undulata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata f. viridis",
        "authorship": "Anzi ex Rabenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata subsp. dentata",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Gams"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata subsp. intermedia",
        "authorship": "(Husn.) Gams"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata subsp. undulata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata unranked aequatiformis",
        "authorship": "De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. aequata",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. aequatiformis",
        "authorship": "(De Not.) Müll.Frib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. alata",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. angusta",
        "authorship": "Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. boliviensis",
        "authorship": "(Nees & Mont.) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. chlorotica",
        "authorship": "Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. crassiuscula",
        "authorship": "Bernet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. densa",
        "authorship": "Müll.Frib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. dentata",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) McArdle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. denticulata",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. erosa",
        "authorship": "Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. flagellaris",
        "authorship": "Loeske"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. fontana",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. heterophylla",
        "authorship": "(M.Howe) Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. isoloba",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. lapponica",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. laxa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. lepida",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. major",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. minor",
        "authorship": "Lamy ex Husn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. nuda",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) Kamim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. oakesii",
        "authorship": "(Austin) H.Buch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. oblongifolia",
        "authorship": "Schiffn. ex Macvicar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. prolixa",
        "authorship": "De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Latzel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Huebener) Cogn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. pyrenaica",
        "authorship": "Douin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. resupinata",
        "authorship": "(L.) De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. rivularis",
        "authorship": "(Huebener) Rabenh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. speciosa",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. spinulosa",
        "authorship": "Roum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. subcurvata",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. subdenticulata",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. subglacialis",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. subreniformis",
        "authorship": "Warnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. tortifolia",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scapania undulata var. undulata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphenolobus resupinatus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Warnst."
      }
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        "attribution": "Andrew Melton, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "creator": "George Greiff",
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        "attribution": "George Greiff, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "attribution": "Roger Rittmaster, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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  "native_range": null,
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": null,
    "climate": null
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 3,
      "median": 8.2,
      "p95": 11.1
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 333.5,
      "median": 498,
      "p95": 822.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 14.8,
      "median": 18.5,
      "p95": 25.4
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -10.5,
      "median": -1,
      "p95": 3.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 782.4,
      "median": 1423.1,
      "p95": 3766.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.8,
      "median": 21.5,
      "p95": 61.2
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 120.2,
      "median": 267.2,
      "p95": 414.6
    },
    "n": 537,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 537 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "native_range",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/scapania-undulata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}