{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/sapium-glandulosum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "sapium-glandulosum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000302804",
    "inat_taxon_id": 120167
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Sapium glandulosum",
    "authorship": "(L.) Morong",
    "genus": "Sapium",
    "epithet": "glandulosum",
    "family": "Euphorbiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 227 (1893)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:227503-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "gumtree",
      "english": [
        "gumtree"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria aerea",
        "authorship": "(Klotzsch ex Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa f. oblongata",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa f. obovata",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. aubletiana",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. aucuparia",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. clausseniana",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. cuneata",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. dracunculoides",
        "authorship": "(Baill.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. glandulata",
        "authorship": "(Vell.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. hamata",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. hippomane",
        "authorship": "(G.Mey.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. intercedens",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. klotzschiana",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. lanceolata",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. leptadenia",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. montevidensis",
        "authorship": "(Klotzsch ex Baill.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. moritziana",
        "authorship": "(Klotzsch ex Seem.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. pavoniana",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. petiolaris",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. prunifolia",
        "authorship": "(Klotzsch ex Benth.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. salicifolia",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria biglandulosa var. serrata",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria marginata",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria marginata f. major",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria marginata var. conjungens",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria marginata var. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria marginata var. lanceolata",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria marginata var. longifolia",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria marginata var. puberula",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria marginata var. spathulata",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria obtusiloba",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria occidentalis",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Excoecaria suberosa",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hippomane aucuparia",
        "authorship": "Crantz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hippomane biglandulosa",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hippomane fruticosa",
        "authorship": "Sessé & Moc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hippomane glandulosa",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hippomane zeocca",
        "authorship": "L. ex B.D.Jacks."
      },
      {
        "name": "Omphalea glandulata",
        "authorship": "Vell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapiopsis cremostachys",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium acuparium var. petiolare",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium aereum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium alainianum",
        "authorship": "P.T.Li"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium albomarginatum",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium aubletianum",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium aucuparium",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium aucuparium",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium aucuparium var. hippomane",
        "authorship": "(G.Mey.) Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium aucuparium var. moritzianum",
        "authorship": "Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium aureum",
        "authorship": "H.Buek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum f. longifolium",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum f. minus",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum f. oblongatum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum f. obovatum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum f. pavonianum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. aubletianum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. aucuparium",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. bogotense",
        "authorship": "(Huber) Monach."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. cuneatum",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. hamatum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. klotzschianum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. meyerianum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. moritzianum",
        "authorship": "(Klotzsch ex Seem.) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. oligoneurum",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum. & Pittier) Monach."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. pavonianum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. salicifolium",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. serratum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium biglandulosum var. sulciferum",
        "authorship": "(Pittier) Monach."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium bogotense",
        "authorship": "Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium caribaeum",
        "authorship": "Urb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium claussenianum",
        "authorship": "Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium cremostachyum",
        "authorship": "I.M.Johnst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium endlicherianum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium fendleri",
        "authorship": "Hemsl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium fragile",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium giganteum",
        "authorship": "Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium glandulatum",
        "authorship": "(Vell.) Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium guaricense",
        "authorship": "Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium haematospermum var. saltense",
        "authorship": "O'Donell & Lourteig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium haematospermum var. saltensis",
        "authorship": "O'Donell & Lourteig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium hamatum",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium hemsleyanum",
        "authorship": "Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium hippomane",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium integrifolium",
        "authorship": "Splitg. ex Lanj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium intercedens",
        "authorship": "Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium itzanum",
        "authorship": "Lundell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium ixiamasense",
        "authorship": "Jabl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium izabalense",
        "authorship": "Lundell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium jamaicense",
        "authorship": "Sw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium klotzschianum",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium klotzschianum var. glaziovii",
        "authorship": "Lanj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium leptadenium",
        "authorship": "Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium marginatum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium marginatum f. majus",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium marginatum var. conjungens",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium marginatum var. grandifolium",
        "authorship": "Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium marginatum var. lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium marginatum var. longifolium",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium marginatum var. spathulatum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium moaense",
        "authorship": "Alain"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium montevidense",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Baill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium moritzianum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium muelleri",
        "authorship": "Hemsl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium naiguatense",
        "authorship": "Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium nitidum",
        "authorship": "Alain"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium obtusatum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium obtusilobum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium occidentale",
        "authorship": "Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium oligoneurum",
        "authorship": "K.Schum. & Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium paranaense",
        "authorship": "Pax & K.Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium paucistamineum",
        "authorship": "Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium pavonianum",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium petiolare",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium pittieri",
        "authorship": "Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium poeppigii",
        "authorship": "Hemsl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium pohlianum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium prunifolium",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium punctatum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium pycnostachys",
        "authorship": "K.Schum. ex Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium pycnostachys",
        "authorship": "K.Schum. ex Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium salicifolium",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium saltense",
        "authorship": "(O'Donell & Lourteig) Jabl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium schippii",
        "authorship": "Croizat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium serratum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Baill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium suberosum",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium submarginatum",
        "authorship": "Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium subserratum",
        "authorship": "Klotzsch ex Pax"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium sulciferum",
        "authorship": "Pittier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sapium taburu",
        "authorship": "Ule"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia aucuparia",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Oken"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia biglandulosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Baill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia dracunculoides",
        "authorship": "Baill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia haematantha",
        "authorship": "Standl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia hippomane",
        "authorship": "Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia hippomane",
        "authorship": "(G.Mey.) Baill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia marginata",
        "authorship": "(Müll.Arg.) Baill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia prunifolia",
        "authorship": "Baill. ex Müll.Arg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stillingia prunifolia",
        "authorship": "(Klotzsch) Baill."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapium_glandulosum"
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        },
        "attribution": "Victor Farjalla Pontes, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 84469761,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "keesgroenendijk",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/keesgroenendijk",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/76f8a186-d677-4b75-b677-74e9aedd371d",
        "observed_on": "2020-07-14",
        "lat": 7.591,
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        },
        "attribution": "keesgroenendijk, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 23454421,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Leonel Roget",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/carancho",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/d7c405be-b158-45d8-9688-0258eb22af96",
        "observed_on": "2018-04-03",
        "lat": -24.099,
        "lon": -64.399,
        "original": {
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        "widths": [
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          "jpeg": {
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          }
        },
        "attribution": "Leonel Roget, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 60547,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "russiannaturalistbrazil",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/russiannaturalistbrazil",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f66c6147-10e5-43b9-a0bc-7b68a70f1514",
        "observed_on": "2011-10-12",
        "lat": -12,
        "lon": -38.04,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 575
        },
        "widths": [
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        ],
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          "jpeg": {
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          }
        },
        "attribution": "russiannaturalistbrazil, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "MXG",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "AGE",
      "AGW",
      "BLZ",
      "BOL",
      "BZN",
      "BZE",
      "BZS",
      "BZL",
      "BZC",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "CUB",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "FRG",
      "GUA",
      "GUY",
      "HON",
      "JAM",
      "LEE",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PAR",
      "PER",
      "SUR",
      "TRT",
      "URU",
      "VEN",
      "VNA",
      "WIN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZC",
        "name": "Brazil West-Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAR",
        "name": "Paraguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "URU",
        "name": "Uruguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 7,
    "n_annotated": 29,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 15.9,
      "median": 19.4,
      "p95": 26.6
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 40.8,
      "median": 305.9,
      "p95": 427.6
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.8,
      "median": 27,
      "p95": 32.5
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 6.8,
      "median": 11.3,
      "p95": 23.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 1059.4,
      "median": 1493.8,
      "p95": 3303.4
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 10.2,
      "median": 34.8,
      "p95": 99.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 24.1,
      "median": 245.1,
      "p95": 389.2
    },
    "n": 309,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 309 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/sapium-glandulosum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}