{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/sanguisorba-verrucosa/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "sanguisorba-verrucosa",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001007748",
    "inat_taxon_id": 333960
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Sanguisorba verrucosa",
    "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Ces.",
    "genus": "Sanguisorba",
    "epithet": "verrucosa",
    "family": "Rosaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Stirp. Ital. Rar.  2: ad tab. S.dodecandrae (1842)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77222045-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Poterium alophum",
        "authorship": "Spach ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium ancistroides var. vincentinum",
        "authorship": "Chodat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium chrysogoni",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium dioicum",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium magnolii",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium magnolii",
        "authorship": "Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium magnolii f. minor",
        "authorship": "Ficalho & Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium magnolii var. spachianum",
        "authorship": "(Coss.) Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium magnolii var. verrucosum",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Batt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium microcarpum",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Shuttlew."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium microphyllum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium multicaule",
        "authorship": "Boiss. & Reut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium muricatum subsp. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium muricatum subsp. verrucosum",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium polygamum",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium sanguisorba f. mauritanica",
        "authorship": "Knoche"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium sanguisorba f. verrucosum",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium sanguisorba prol. spachianum",
        "authorship": "(Coss.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium sanguisorba subsp. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium sanguisorba var. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Gillet & Magne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium sanguisorba var. microcarpum",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium sanguisorba var. spachianum",
        "authorship": "(Coss.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium sanguisorba var. verrucosum",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Pamp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium spachianum",
        "authorship": "Coss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium spachianum var. laxum",
        "authorship": "Rivas Goday"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium spachianum var. microphyllum",
        "authorship": "Jord. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium trigynum",
        "authorship": "Hoffmanns. & Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium verrucosum",
        "authorship": "Ehrenb. ex Decne."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium verrucosum",
        "authorship": "Link ex G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium verrucosum",
        "authorship": "Ehrenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium verrucosum f. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium verrucosum var. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Ball"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium verrucosum var. microcarpum",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium verrucosum var. multicaule",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Pau ex Mart.Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium verrucosum var. sericeum",
        "authorship": "C.Vicioso ex Lacaita"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poterium vulgare var. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Cuatrec."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) A.Braun & C.D.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba magnolii prol. multicaulis",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba magnolii subsp. bicakcii",
        "authorship": "Yıld."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba magnolii subsp. goekhanii",
        "authorship": "Yıld."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba magnolii subsp. koruklii",
        "authorship": "Yıld."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba magnolii subsp. spachiana",
        "authorship": "(Coss.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba magnolii var. sericea",
        "authorship": "(C.Vicioso ex Lacaita) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba mediterranea",
        "authorship": "Bubani"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor f. verrucosa",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor subsp. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor subsp. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor subsp. spachiana",
        "authorship": "(Coss.) Muñoz Garm. & Pedrol"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor subsp. spachiana",
        "authorship": "(Coss.) Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor subsp. verrucosa",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor var. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor var. minor",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba minor var. verrucosa",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba multicaulis",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) A.Braun & C.D.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba sanguisorba subsp. verrucosa",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba sanguisorba subvar. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba sanguisorba var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Jord. ex Nyman) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba spachiana",
        "authorship": "(Coss.) A.Braun & C.D.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba verrucosa prol. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba verrucosa prol. multicaulis",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba verrucosa var. spachiana",
        "authorship": "(Coss.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba vulgaris f. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba vulgaris prol. verrucosa",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba vulgaris subvar. magnolii",
        "authorship": "(Spach) Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba vulgaris subvar. mauritanica",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba vulgaris subvar. multicaulis",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguisorba vulgaris var. verrucosa",
        "authorship": "(Link ex G.Don) Pau"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 67,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 198293921,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Quentin Groom",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/qgroom",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8dca8112-99ff-4745-b266-5b014f47206c",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-16",
        "lat": 35.132,
        "lon": 26.174,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198293921/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198293921/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198293921/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198293921/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Quentin Groom, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197604526,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tim Johnson",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tim-johnson",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2c4a1611-cbdd-475d-84cb-de52178d9403",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-14",
        "lat": 41.218,
        "lon": 1.744,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197604526/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197604526/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197604526/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197604526/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tim Johnson, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197604019,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tim Johnson",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tim-johnson",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8a5fdd7d-fbaa-49f7-9726-88271dec754d",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-14",
        "lat": 41.218,
        "lon": 1.744,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197604019/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197604019/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197604019/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197604019/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tim Johnson, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197603255,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tim Johnson",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tim-johnson",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/d9385dc4-8af5-448e-ba49-ba15308edc61",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-14",
        "lat": 41.219,
        "lon": 1.742,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197603255/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197603255/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197603255/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197603255/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tim Johnson, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 191777659,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eleftherioskats",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6360d55e-00a3-458d-a211-a64bd27f3b35",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-29",
        "lat": 36.426,
        "lon": 28.217,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 684
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191777659/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191777659/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191777659/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191777659/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eleftherios Katsillis, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 189448792,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eleftherioskats",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/636e03ce-8fb8-4ce0-beef-95abe59b2675",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-19",
        "lat": 36.426,
        "lon": 28.217,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/189448792/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/189448792/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/189448792/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/189448792/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eleftherios Katsillis, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 131775558,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Abdenour Kheloufi",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/akheloufi",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1cf8276d-c586-42e5-811e-1c5c864fee93",
        "observed_on": "2021-05-26",
        "lat": 35.564,
        "lon": 6.2,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131775558/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131775558/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131775558/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/131775558/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Abdenour Kheloufi, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 119394424,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eleftherioskats",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/0fc18db6-6da0-4a8a-bfd3-4e2b1e303b2b",
        "observed_on": "2021-04-06",
        "lat": 36.441,
        "lon": 28.211,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/119394424/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/119394424/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/119394424/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/119394424/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eleftherios Katsillis, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "AZO",
      "CNY",
      "EGY",
      "LBY",
      "MDR",
      "MOR",
      "TUN",
      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "IRQ",
      "LBS",
      "PAL",
      "SIN",
      "TUR",
      "BAL",
      "COR",
      "FRA",
      "GRC",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "POR",
      "SIC",
      "SPA"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AZO",
        "name": "Azores",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 13.1,
      "median": 15.6,
      "p95": 18.9
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 333.4,
      "median": 573.3,
      "p95": 720.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 24.8,
      "median": 29.8,
      "p95": 33.1
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -0.1,
      "median": 4,
      "p95": 11.5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 361.6,
      "median": 592.8,
      "p95": 969.4
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 30.9,
      "median": 53.9,
      "p95": 94.1
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 2.5,
      "median": 40.9,
      "p95": 97.5
    },
    "n": 189,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 189 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/sanguisorba-verrucosa/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}