{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/salix-cinerea-l/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "salix-cinerea-l",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000929149",
    "inat_taxon_id": 168326
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Salix cinerea",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Salix",
    "epithet": "cinerea",
    "family": "Salicaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": true,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 1021 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:301107-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Grey Willow",
      "english": [
        "Grey Willow",
        "large gray willow"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Capraea acuminata",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Capraea cinerea",
        "authorship": "(L.) Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix acuminata",
        "authorship": "Thuill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix acuminata",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix aurita var. cinerea",
        "authorship": "(L.) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix australis",
        "authorship": "Schleich. ex J.Forbes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix carinthiaca",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix deserticola",
        "authorship": "Goerz ex Pavl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix discolor",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix geminata",
        "authorship": "J.Forbes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix incanescens",
        "authorship": "J.Forbes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix polymorpha",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix spadicea",
        "authorship": "Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Salix timmii",
        "authorship": "Schkuhr ex Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vimen cinerea",
        "authorship": "(L.) Raf."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_cinerea"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 1181,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 205754750,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Светлана Царахова",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/svetlanarussia",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17d04302-13c0-4943-b1ee-b547879a3ea5",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-13",
        "lat": 61.013,
        "lon": 69.055,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 575
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205754750/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205754750/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205754750/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205754750/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Светлана Царахова, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 205700531,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Марина Садыкова",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/marina_sad",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1244b182-64fb-4cc9-92e9-d8d62b72187f",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-12",
        "lat": 54.352,
        "lon": 38.561,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 684
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205700531/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205700531/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205700531/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205700531/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Марина Садыкова, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 205900412,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Anastasia_Surkova",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/anastasia_surkova",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4da09bad-0acd-4ccf-a52f-c97d4f620f83",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-12",
        "lat": 55.34,
        "lon": 38.549,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 731
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205900412/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205900412/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205900412/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205900412/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Anastasia_Surkova, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204586513,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tatiana Strus",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tls-60",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/deef0ed0-9182-479d-9f41-0d27c020f86d",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-09",
        "lat": 61.017,
        "lon": 69.047,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204586513/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204586513/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204586513/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204586513/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tatiana Strus, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 204648511,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Yurii Basov",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/yurii_basov",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/dd3fb32a-a084-4e38-8f7a-28e695aec110",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-09",
        "lat": 55.926,
        "lon": 65.935,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 614
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204648511/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204648511/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204648511/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/204648511/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Yurii Basov, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 202162595,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Yurii Basov",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/yurii_basov",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/527127a9-561a-424b-bc44-4d29af5a04d3",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-31",
        "lat": 55.211,
        "lon": 67.289,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 461
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202162595/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202162595/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202162595/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202162595/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Yurii Basov, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 201660934,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Radosław Puchałka",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/radoslawpuchalka",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46c74bf8-584b-4091-9b16-f47d3a53e3d0",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-29",
        "lat": 53.033,
        "lon": 18.485,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201660934/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201660934/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201660934/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201660934/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Radosław Puchałka, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 201991239,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Екатерина Кропочева",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/itallmas",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/d54e72f4-0fc1-4440-8e13-b34150b45a88",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-29",
        "lat": 54.576,
        "lon": 38.657,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201991239/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201991239/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201991239/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201991239/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Екатерина Кропочева, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "MOR",
      "ALT",
      "KAZ",
      "NCS",
      "TCS",
      "TUR",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "ROM",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 99,
    "n_annotated": 207,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      14,
      43,
      23,
      1,
      0,
      2,
      5,
      7,
      4,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      1,
      0,
      17,
      47,
      45,
      22,
      16,
      20,
      14,
      20,
      5,
      0
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      0.8235,
      0.9149,
      0.5111,
      0.0455,
      0,
      0.1,
      0.3571,
      0.35,
      0.8,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.5897,
        0.9381
      ],
      [
        0.8007,
        0.9664
      ],
      [
        0.37,
        0.6504
      ],
      [
        0.0081,
        0.218
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1936
      ],
      [
        0.0279,
        0.301
      ],
      [
        0.1634,
        0.6124
      ],
      [
        0.1812,
        0.5671
      ],
      [
        0.3755,
        0.9638
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 4,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/salix-cinerea-l/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}