{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ruellia-lactea/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ruellia-lactea",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001044189",
    "inat_taxon_id": 290996
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Ruellia lactea",
    "authorship": "Cav.",
    "genus": "Ruellia",
    "epithet": "lactea",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Icon.  3: 28 (1795)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:54211-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cryphiacanthus lacteus",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cryphiacanthus lacteus var. acaulis",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cryphiacanthus macrosiphon",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dipteracanthus lacteus",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia abbreviata",
        "authorship": "D.N.Gibson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia divaricata",
        "authorship": "Hoffmanns."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia hispida",
        "authorship": "DC. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia hoffmannseggii",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia lactea var. acaulis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Hemsl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia longituba",
        "authorship": "D.N.Gibson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia macrosiphon",
        "authorship": "Lindau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia ovata",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia prostrata",
        "authorship": "Pav. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia sessilis",
        "authorship": "Balb. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ruellia verticillata",
        "authorship": "Pav. ex Nees"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 50,
    "licences": [
      "CC-BY",
      "CC-BY-SA"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 138188011,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Oscar Alejandro Morales Juárez",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/alexmor",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98cc3b04-9875-464a-adb8-1adb3162a05e",
        "observed_on": "2021-06-22",
        "lat": 19.964,
        "lon": -100.757,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138188011/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138188011/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138188011/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/138188011/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Oscar Alejandro Morales Juárez, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 80947051,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Juan Carlos Pérez Magaña",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/charro",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9af95b6b-421d-46a7-8d0e-81c7a32cfea8",
        "observed_on": "2020-06-25",
        "lat": 19.642,
        "lon": -101.223,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/80947051/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/80947051/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/80947051/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/80947051/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Juan Carlos Pérez Magaña, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 53930535,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Carlos Martorell",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/martorell",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ba6a4bce-6a9c-48ad-af55-419e51bff04d",
        "observed_on": "2019-09-28",
        "lat": 17.877,
        "lon": -97.434,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/53930535/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/53930535/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/53930535/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/53930535/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Carlos Martorell, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 48525471,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Alan Rockefeller",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/alan_rockefeller",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/0ffe4b6e-82ab-4f18-b237-0f8bec79657f",
        "observed_on": "2019-08-17",
        "lat": 19.953,
        "lon": -103.746,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 576
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/48525471/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/48525471/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/48525471/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/48525471/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Alan Rockefeller, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 6894438,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tereso Hernández Morales",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tereso_hernandez",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56458806-b58c-44ee-b021-fc976d73386d",
        "observed_on": "2012-06-22",
        "lat": 19.676,
        "lon": -101.136,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/6894438/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/6894438/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/6894438/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/6894438/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tereso Hernández Morales, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 18694765,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Neptalí Ramírez Marcial",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/huracan",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7e000da6-cdb0-49db-846f-07b75ae3393e",
        "observed_on": "2018-05-26",
        "lat": 16.854,
        "lon": -93.442,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/18694765/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/18694765/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/18694765/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/18694765/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Neptalí Ramírez Marcial, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 84893281,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Juan Carlos Pérez Magaña",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/charro",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/32bac8a0-54bd-47ca-87d5-78917e61dcc8",
        "observed_on": "2020-07-15",
        "lat": 19.646,
        "lon": -101.221,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/84893281/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/84893281/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/84893281/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/84893281/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Juan Carlos Pérez Magaña, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 84893453,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Juan Carlos Pérez Magaña",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/charro",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/704b3ed8-71be-4008-8bae-5ca7bb2bd788",
        "observed_on": "2020-07-15",
        "lat": 19.654,
        "lon": -101.204,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/84893453/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/84893453/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/84893453/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/84893453/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Juan Carlos Pérez Magaña, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXT",
      "MXS"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 16,
    "n_annotated": 16,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": null,
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 16 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/ruellia-lactea/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}