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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rubus-flagellaris/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "rubus-flagellaris",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001006809",
    "inat_taxon_id": 69717
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Rubus flagellaris",
    "authorship": "Willd.",
    "genus": "Rubus",
    "epithet": "flagellaris",
    "family": "Rosaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol.  2: 549 (1809)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30083253-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "northern dewberry",
      "english": [
        "northern dewberry"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Rubus aboriginum",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
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      {
        "name": "Rubus alacer",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus alius",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus almus",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus apogaeus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus aptatus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus arenicola",
        "authorship": "Blanch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus arenicola var. confictus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus arizonensis",
        "authorship": "Focke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus ashei",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus austrinus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus baileyanus",
        "authorship": "Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus beamanii",
        "authorship": "Widrl. & B.P.Riley"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus bollianus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus bonus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus cacaponensis",
        "authorship": "H.A.Davis & T.Davis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus camurus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus canaanensis",
        "authorship": "H.A.Davis & T.Davis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus canadensis var. roribaccus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus cathartium",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus celer",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus centralis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus clairbrownii",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus clandestinus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus clarus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus complex",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus conabilis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus connixus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus cordialis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus cordifrons",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus currulis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus curtipes",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus deamii",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus decor",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus depavitus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus dives",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus eflagellaris",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus enslenii var. pluralis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus exemptus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus exemptus",
        "authorship": "A.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus exlex",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus exsularis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus fandus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus fecundus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus felix",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus ferrofluvius",
        "authorship": "H.A.Davis, A.M.Fuller & T.Davis"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus flagellaris f. roseo-plenus",
        "authorship": "(E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.) Steyerm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus flagellaris f. roseus",
        "authorship": "Steyerm."
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      {
        "name": "Rubus flagellaris var. almus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus flagellaris var. geophilus",
        "authorship": "(Blanch.) L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus flagellaris var. humifusus",
        "authorship": "(Torr. & A.Gray) B.Boivin"
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        "name": "Rubus flagellaris var. michiganensis",
        "authorship": "(Card ex L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus flagellaris var. occidualis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus flagellaris var. roribaccus",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus flagellaris var. roseoplenus",
        "authorship": "E.J.Palmer & Steyerm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus florenceae",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus foliaceus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus folioflorus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus frustratus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus geophilus",
        "authorship": "Blanch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus gordonii",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus grimesii",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus hancinianus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus housei",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus ignarus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus imperiorum",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus indianensis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus iniens",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus injunctus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus inobvius",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus ithacanus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus jactus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus jaysmithii",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus jaysmithii var. angustior",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus kentuckiensis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus lassus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus localis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus longipes",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus lundelliorum",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus macdanielsii",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus mainensis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus maltei",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus maniseesensis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus masseyi",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus meracus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus michiganensis",
        "authorship": "(Card ex L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey"
      },
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        "name": "Rubus minnesotanus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus multifer",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus mundus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus neonefrens",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus obsessus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus obvius",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus occidualis",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus occultus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus oligospermus",
        "authorship": "Thornber ex Rydb."
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      {
        "name": "Rubus particeps",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus particularis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus pauperrimus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus pernagaeus",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
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        "name": "Rubus pityophilus",
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      {
        "name": "Rubus plexus",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus pluralis",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus pohlii",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus polybotrys",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus procumbens",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus procumbens",
        "authorship": "Muhl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus procumbens subsp. subuniflorus",
        "authorship": "(Rydb.) Focke"
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        "name": "Rubus procumbens subsp. subuniflorus",
        "authorship": "(Rydb.) Rydb."
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      {
        "name": "Rubus procumbens var. roribaccus",
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      {
        "name": "Rubus profusiflorus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus prosper var. cordifrons",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus redundans",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rubus rhodophyllus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
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      {
        "name": "Rubus ricei",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus roribaccus",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) Rydb."
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      {
        "name": "Rubus rosagnetis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus russeus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus sailori",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus sanfordii",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus satis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus scambens",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus schoolcraftianus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus scolocaulon",
        "authorship": "Brandegee"
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        "name": "Rubus serenus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus sewardianus",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus steelei",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus subinnoxius",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
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        "name": "Rubus subuniflorus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
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        "name": "Rubus tantulus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus tenuicaulis",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus terraltanus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus tetricus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus tracyi",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus trivialis",
        "authorship": "Pursh"
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        "name": "Rubus uncus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus uniflorifer",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus urbanianus",
        "authorship": "A.Berger"
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        "name": "Rubus uvidus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus vagus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus villosus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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        "name": "Rubus villosus var. michiganensis",
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      {
        "name": "Rubus villosus var. roribaccus",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus vixalacer",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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      {
        "name": "Rubus whartoniae",
        "authorship": "L.H.Bailey"
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_flagellaris"
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        "derivatives_restricted": false,
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        "observed_on": "2021-04-30",
        "lat": 38.824,
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        },
        "attribution": "Carrie Seltzer, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 78243468,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Laura J. Costello",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/quietlymagical",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36d83e73-eb35-49ed-991a-a8700fc6a73a",
        "observed_on": "2020-06-08",
        "lat": 42.468,
        "lon": -71.17,
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        },
        "attribution": "Laura J. Costello, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 77264820,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Fives",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/capblanc",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49507d74-8424-4f2a-a1bf-bf061f6b79eb",
        "observed_on": "2020-06-06",
        "lat": 41.73,
        "lon": -70.108,
        "original": {
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        "widths": [
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        },
        "attribution": "Fives, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
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      "DEL",
      "WDC",
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      "INI",
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      "KAN",
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      "MXC",
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      "PEN",
      "PEI",
      "QUE",
      "RHO",
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      "TEX",
      "VER",
      "VRG",
      "WVA",
      "WIS"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALA",
        "name": "Alabama",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARK",
        "name": "Arkansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "DEL",
        "name": "Delaware",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WDC",
        "name": "District of Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GEO",
        "name": "Georgia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KAN",
        "name": "Kansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSI",
        "name": "Mississippi",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEB",
        "name": "Nebraska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NBR",
        "name": "New Brunswick",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NSC",
        "name": "Nova Scotia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SCA",
        "name": "South Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 1089,
    "n_annotated": 1306,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      8,
      302,
      584,
      189,
      6,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      1,
      0,
      11,
      312,
      597,
      256,
      103,
      11,
      0,
      8,
      6,
      1
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      0.7273,
      0.9679,
      0.9782,
      0.7383,
      0.0583,
      0,
      null,
      0,
      0,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.4343,
        0.9025
      ],
      [
        0.942,
        0.9825
      ],
      [
        0.9631,
        0.9872
      ],
      [
        0.6812,
        0.7883
      ],
      [
        0.027,
        0.1213
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2588
      ],
      null,
      [
        0,
        0.3244
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3903
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 5,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 196,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        1,
        3,
        12,
        75,
        93,
        11,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        1
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        0.0909,
        0.0096,
        0.0201,
        0.293,
        0.9029,
        1,
        null,
        0,
        0,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.0162,
          0.3774
        ],
        [
          0.0033,
          0.0279
        ],
        [
          0.0115,
          0.0348
        ],
        [
          0.2406,
          0.3515
        ],
        [
          0.8304,
          0.9464
        ],
        [
          0.7412,
          1
        ],
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.3244
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.3903
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "scrambling shrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 8.9,
      "median": 11.8,
      "p95": 15.6
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 705.4,
      "median": 849.2,
      "p95": 933.9
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.6,
      "median": 28.3,
      "p95": 31.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -8.7,
      "median": -3.8,
      "p95": 0.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 970.4,
      "median": 1184.5,
      "p95": 1439.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 8.3,
      "median": 13,
      "p95": 19.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 189.7,
      "median": 254.3,
      "p95": 311.1
    },
    "n": 1946,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1946 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": true
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/rubus-flagellaris/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}