{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rottboellia-cochinchinensis/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "rottboellia-cochinchinensis",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000896247",
    "inat_taxon_id": 168001
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Rottboellia cochinchinensis",
    "authorship": "(Lour.) Clayton",
    "genus": "Rottboellia",
    "epithet": "cochinchinensis",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Kew Bull. 35: 817 (1981)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:909653-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "itchgrass",
      "english": [
        "itchgrass"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Aegilops fluviatilis",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Manisuris exaltata",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Manisuris exaltata var. appendiculata",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophiuros appendiculatus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia arundinacea",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia denudata",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia exaltata",
        "authorship": "L.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia exaltata f. arundinacea",
        "authorship": "(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia exaltata f. glaberrima",
        "authorship": "Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia exaltata var. appendiculata",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia exaltata var. robusta",
        "authorship": "Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia hispida",
        "authorship": "Roxb. ex Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rottboellia setosa",
        "authorship": "J.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stegosia cochinchinensis",
        "authorship": "Lour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stegosia cochinchinensis var. robusta",
        "authorship": "(Hook.f.) M.R.Almeida & S.Yadav"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stegosia exaltata",
        "authorship": "(Kuntze) Nash"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottboellia_cochinchinensis"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 84,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 173679569,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "葉子",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/leaf0605",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e1ec5d4e-6fbd-4a52-8964-fdc5883fb092",
        "observed_on": "2021-09-29",
        "lat": 24.883,
        "lon": 121.297,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/173679569/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/173679569/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/173679569/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/173679569/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "葉子, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 134077659,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Jacy Chen",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/chenjacy",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/a93d8a63-e7b3-410a-98b8-f96d65d45839",
        "observed_on": "2021-04-03",
        "lat": 23.858,
        "lon": 120.587,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 769
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134077659/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134077659/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134077659/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134077659/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Jacy Chen, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 134077216,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Jacy Chen",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/chenjacy",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/522a8cdd-1158-423e-b066-f454e9de07f0",
        "observed_on": "2021-04-02",
        "lat": 23.853,
        "lon": 120.585,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 769
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134077216/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134077216/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134077216/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/134077216/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Jacy Chen, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 96362237,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "John Kees",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/dryopteris2",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/49774e3c-6b7d-4f4c-b87a-fd49d600b3e2",
        "observed_on": "2020-09-20",
        "lat": 32.29,
        "lon": -90.104,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/96362237/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/96362237/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/96362237/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/96362237/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "John Kees, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 55592584,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Sam Kieschnick",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/sambiology",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6311d204-1ea4-4f04-a8b1-b59ecd9e2036",
        "observed_on": "2019-11-01",
        "lat": 30.039,
        "lon": -95.382,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/55592584/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/55592584/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/55592584/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/55592584/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Sam Kieschnick, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 54522578,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "John Kees",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/dryopteris2",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9c5738fb-0f2d-41dc-9c45-060d39847e14",
        "observed_on": "2019-10-19",
        "lat": 31.555,
        "lon": -90.348,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/54522578/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/54522578/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/54522578/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/54522578/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "John Kees, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 51478829,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "John Kees",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/dryopteris2",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/aaa71be3-3842-492a-a270-b84d8c9bb30d",
        "observed_on": "2019-09-15",
        "lat": 32.326,
        "lon": -90.149,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/51478829/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/51478829/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/51478829/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/51478829/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "John Kees, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 104260772,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "bat (Maria Vorontsova)",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/vorontsovams",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13cd9007-a7e1-4ae3-b01a-167fdfccf7c3",
        "observed_on": "2015-02-28",
        "lat": -12.968,
        "lon": 49.137,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/104260772/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/104260772/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/104260772/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/104260772/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "bat (Maria Vorontsova), CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ANG",
      "BEN",
      "BOT",
      "BKN",
      "BUR",
      "CMN",
      "CVI",
      "CAF",
      "CHA",
      "COM",
      "CON",
      "ZAI",
      "EQG",
      "ERI",
      "SWZ",
      "ETH",
      "GAB",
      "GAM",
      "GHA",
      "GUI",
      "GNB",
      "GGI",
      "IVO",
      "KEN",
      "NAT",
      "LBR",
      "MDG",
      "MLW",
      "MLI",
      "MAU",
      "MOZ",
      "NAM",
      "NGR",
      "NGA",
      "TVL",
      "REU",
      "SEN",
      "SEY",
      "SIE",
      "SOM",
      "SUD",
      "TAN",
      "TOG",
      "UGA",
      "ZAM",
      "ZIM",
      "CHC",
      "CHS",
      "CHH",
      "NNS",
      "OMA",
      "TAI",
      "YEM",
      "AND",
      "ASS",
      "BAN",
      "XMS",
      "EHM",
      "IND",
      "JAW",
      "LAO",
      "LSI",
      "MLY",
      "MYA",
      "NWG",
      "PHI",
      "SOL",
      "SCS",
      "SRL",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "WHM",
      "NTA",
      "QLD"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EQG",
        "name": "Equatorial Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "XMS",
        "name": "Christmas I.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 12,
    "n_annotated": 16,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual or perennial",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/rottboellia-cochinchinensis/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}