{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rosa-villosa/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "rosa-villosa",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000984458",
    "inat_taxon_id": 167996
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Rosa villosa",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Rosa",
    "epithet": "villosa",
    "family": "Rosaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 491 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:734665-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Apple Rose",
      "english": [
        "Apple Rose",
        "apple rose"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Pugetia pomifera",
        "authorship": "(Herrm.) Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pugetia resinosa",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa alpicola",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa alpina var. gallaecica",
        "authorship": "Pau ex Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa alpina var. galloecica",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa alpinominuta",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa anoplantha",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa arduennensis",
        "authorship": "Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa baenitzii",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa bonnieri",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa borissovae",
        "authorship": "Chrshan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa cardanica",
        "authorship": "(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa ciliatopetala",
        "authorship": "Besser"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa cognata",
        "authorship": "Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa dicksoniana",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa dicksonii",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa eglanteria var. villosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa franzonii",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa friburgensis",
        "authorship": "Lagger & Puget"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa gaudinii",
        "authorship": "Puget ex Déségl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa glutinosa",
        "authorship": "Dematra"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa gombensis",
        "authorship": "Lagger & Puget"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa grenieri",
        "authorship": "Déségl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa heldreichii",
        "authorship": "Boiss. & Reut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa ledebourii",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa leeana",
        "authorship": "(Sweet) Sweet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa lesurina",
        "authorship": "H.J.Coste & Soulié"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa longicruris",
        "authorship": "(Christ) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa longicruris var. godroniana",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa longicruris var. gombensis",
        "authorship": "(Lagger & Puget) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa longicruris var. lesurina",
        "authorship": "(H.J.Coste & Soulié) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa longicruris var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Crép. ex Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa longicruris var. typica",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa longisepala",
        "authorship": "Ravaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa minuta",
        "authorship": "(A.Rau) Boreau ex Déségl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollibahusiensis",
        "authorship": "(Almq.) Almq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollis f. badalianae",
        "authorship": "Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollis f. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "Wolley-Dod"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollis var. arduennensis",
        "authorship": "(Crép.) Fonsny & Collard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollis var. coerulescens",
        "authorship": "Schmalh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollis var. genuina",
        "authorship": "Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollis var. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "Schmalh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollis var. resinosa",
        "authorship": "Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollis var. vayredae",
        "authorship": "(Costa ex Vayr.) Crép. ex Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollissima var. archetypa",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mollissima var. arduennensis",
        "authorship": "(Crép.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa murithii",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Christ) Puget"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa omissa subvar. christii",
        "authorship": "(C.W.Dufft) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa osmodendron",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa personata",
        "authorship": "Gremli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera",
        "authorship": "Herrm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. anoplantha",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. apennina",
        "authorship": "Crép. ex Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. borbasii",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. contracta",
        "authorship": "Schwertschl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. dalensis",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. decalvata",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. duplex",
        "authorship": "(Weston) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. engadinensis",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. franzonii",
        "authorship": "(Christ) Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. friburgensis",
        "authorship": "Lagger ex Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. gaudinii",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Déségl.) Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. gombensis",
        "authorship": "Lagger ex Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. grenieri",
        "authorship": "(Déségl.) Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. jurana",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. longicruris",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. murithii",
        "authorship": "Puget ex Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. perglandulosa",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. proxima",
        "authorship": "(Cottet & Crép.) Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. recondita",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Déségl.) Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. rhaetica",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. semproniana",
        "authorship": "Favrat & K.F.Schimp. ex Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. sericea",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. setulifera",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera f. typica",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera lus. lagenarius",
        "authorship": "Gremli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. apennina",
        "authorship": "(Crép. ex Christ) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. eupomifera",
        "authorship": "Schwertschl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. gaudinii",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Déségl.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "(Schmalh.) Šmite"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. grenieri",
        "authorship": "(Déségl.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. personata",
        "authorship": "(Gremli) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. recondita",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Déségl.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. resinosa",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subsp. typica",
        "authorship": "(Christ) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. adenoclados",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. exadenophylla",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. gaudinii",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Déségl.) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. glabrescens",
        "authorship": "(R.Keller) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. hausmannii",
        "authorship": "(Gelmi) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. leventinensis",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. minuta",
        "authorship": "(A.Rau) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. sericea",
        "authorship": "(Christ) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. typica",
        "authorship": "(Christ) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera subvar. umbratica",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. adenoclada",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. balneana",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. calvissima",
        "authorship": "E.Schenk"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. christii",
        "authorship": "(C.W.Dufft) R.Keller ex Schwertschl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. ciliatopetala",
        "authorship": "(Besser) Chrshan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. coerulescens",
        "authorship": "(Schmalh.) Chrshan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. dysadenophylla",
        "authorship": "Schwertschl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. eglandulosa",
        "authorship": "Gremli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. engadinensis",
        "authorship": "(Christ) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. exadenophylla",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. franzonii",
        "authorship": "(Christ) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. friburgensis",
        "authorship": "(Lagger ex Christ) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. gibellii",
        "authorship": "(R.Keller) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "(Schmalh.) Chrshan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. grenieri",
        "authorship": "(Déségl.) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. hausmannii",
        "authorship": "Gelmi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. lagenoides",
        "authorship": "Favrat ex Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "H.J.Coste"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. murithii",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Christ) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. ogensis",
        "authorship": "Cornaz ex Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. peccienensis",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. personata",
        "authorship": "(Gremli) Burnat & Gremli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. proxima",
        "authorship": "(Cottet & Crép.) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. recondita",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Déségl.) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. resinosa",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. rhoensis",
        "authorship": "(R.Keller) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. schulzei",
        "authorship": "Schwertschl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. semproniana",
        "authorship": "(Christ) R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pomifera var. zamorana",
        "authorship": "Losa"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa proxima",
        "authorship": "Cottet & Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa recondita",
        "authorship": "Puget ex Déségl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa resinosa",
        "authorship": "Sternb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa resinosa f. umbratica",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa resinosa var. arenaria",
        "authorship": "Scheutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa resinosa var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Scheutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa resinosa var. molliformis",
        "authorship": "J.B.Keller & Formánek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa resinosa var. pyrifera",
        "authorship": "Scheutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa sancti-andreae",
        "authorship": "Degen & Trautm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa suberecta var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Ley"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa terebinthina",
        "authorship": "(Thory) Tratt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa vayredae",
        "authorship": "Costa ex Vayr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa vayredae var. umbrosa",
        "authorship": "Vayr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa venusta f. christii",
        "authorship": "C.W.Dufft"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa versicolor",
        "authorship": "Timb.-Lagr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. adenocaulis",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. adenoclada",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Popek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. auriensis",
        "authorship": "Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. exadenophylla",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Popek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. foreziensis",
        "authorship": "(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. gaudinii",
        "authorship": "(Puget ex Déségl.) Popek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. gibellii",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. glabrata",
        "authorship": "(Ley) Hesl.-Harr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. glabrescens",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "(Wolley-Dod) Hesl.-Harr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. haplodonta",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. hispida",
        "authorship": "Haller f. ex R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. inermis",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. lagenoides",
        "authorship": "Favrat ex R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. longipedunculata",
        "authorship": "Herring"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. longipes",
        "authorship": "(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. meridionalis",
        "authorship": "(Rouy) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Crép. ex R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. minutidentata",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. obtusata",
        "authorship": "Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. perusiana",
        "authorship": "Timb.-Lagr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. pinnatifida",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. platyacantha",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. rhoensis",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa f. velutina",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa subsp. alpicola",
        "authorship": "(Rouy) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa subsp. mollibahusiensis",
        "authorship": "Almq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa subsp. molliovatidens",
        "authorship": "Almq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa subsp. pomifera",
        "authorship": "(Herrm.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa subsp. villosa",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa subvar. spinifera",
        "authorship": "Dingler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa unranked evratiana",
        "authorship": "Thory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa unranked subrubiginosa",
        "authorship": "Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. agriensis",
        "authorship": "Herring"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. alpina",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. altobracensis",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. archetypa",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) R.Keller & Gams"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. arvernensis",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. bernardii",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. bolqueriana",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. candicans",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. cardanica",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. chenevardii",
        "authorship": "Dingler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. concavifolia",
        "authorship": "Woods"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. corymbosa",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. discolor",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. dumicola",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. duplex",
        "authorship": "Weston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. foreziensis",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. franzonii",
        "authorship": "(Christ) Dingler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. gaillardii",
        "authorship": "R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. gallaecica",
        "authorship": "(Pau) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. gedrensis",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. gotthardii",
        "authorship": "Dingler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. grenieri",
        "authorship": "(Déségl.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. hispida",
        "authorship": "Borkh. ex Wimm. & Grab."
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. inaequipes",
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. iserana",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. leeana",
        "authorship": "Sweet"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "(H.J.Coste) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
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        "name": "Rosa villosa var. longipes",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
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        "name": "Rosa villosa var. mana",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. meridionalis",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. minima",
        "authorship": "Roth"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. minima",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. minuta",
        "authorship": "A.Rau"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. mollissima",
        "authorship": "A.Rau"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. mollissima",
        "authorship": "Roth"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. mollissima",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. montana",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. moutinii",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. murana",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. nana",
        "authorship": "R.Keller & Gams"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. nuda",
        "authorship": "Desv."
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. oblongata",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. obtusa",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. obtusata",
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. pimpinellifolia",
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. planosphaeroidea",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. pomifera",
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. pomifera",
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        "name": "Rosa villosa var. pomifera",
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. pseudogrenieri",
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. pseudomollis",
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      {
        "name": "Rosa villosa var. pseudopomifera",
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      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 1.7,
      "median": 6.2,
      "p95": 8.9
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 583.3,
      "median": 853.3,
      "p95": 1015.4
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 16.2,
      "median": 23,
      "p95": 26
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -13.1,
      "median": -9,
      "p95": -3.5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 558.5,
      "median": 666.5,
      "p95": 1688.5
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 16.9,
      "median": 29.7,
      "p95": 41.1
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 95.7,
      "median": 115.7,
      "p95": 294.4
    },
    "n": 405,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 405 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/rosa-villosa/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}