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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/rosa-carolina/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "rosa-carolina",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001014358",
    "inat_taxon_id": 129196
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Rosa carolina",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Rosa",
    "epithet": "carolina",
    "family": "Rosaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 492 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:731982-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Carolina Rose",
      "english": [
        "Carolina Rose",
        "Carolina rose",
        "pasture rose",
        "prairie rose"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Rosa aucuparia",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina f. alba",
        "authorship": "(Rehder) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina f. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "(Crép.) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina f. plena",
        "authorship": "(Marshall) W.H.Lewis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina f. triloba",
        "authorship": "(S.Watson) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina unranked corymbosa",
        "authorship": "Thory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina unranked pimpinellaefolia",
        "authorship": "Andrews"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina unranked salicifolia",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. carolina",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. corymbosa",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. deamii",
        "authorship": "(Erlanson) Deam"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. erecta",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. florepleno",
        "authorship": "Andrews"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. florida",
        "authorship": "Donn ex Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "(Crép.) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "(Baker) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. hemispaerica",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. hispida",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. hispida",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. inermis",
        "authorship": "Schuette"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. laevis",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. lava",
        "authorship": "Schuette"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. litoralis",
        "authorship": "Erlanson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. lucida",
        "authorship": "Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. lyonii",
        "authorship": "(Pursh) E.J.Palmer & Steyerm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. nuttalliana",
        "authorship": "Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. obovata",
        "authorship": "(Raf.) Deam"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. patula",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. pimpinellifolia",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. plena",
        "authorship": "(Marshall) Lynes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. sabulosa",
        "authorship": "Erlanson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. scandens",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. setigera",
        "authorship": "Crép. ex Kenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. triloba",
        "authorship": "Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. typica",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. uniflora",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolina var. villosa",
        "authorship": "(Best) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa carolinensis",
        "authorship": "Marshall"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa caroliniana",
        "authorship": "Michx."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa corallina",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa deamii",
        "authorship": "Erlanson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa elongata",
        "authorship": "Rössig ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa euratiana",
        "authorship": "Bosc ex Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa evratina",
        "authorship": "Bosc ex Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa florida",
        "authorship": "Donn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa globosa",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa hudsoniana",
        "authorship": "Thory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa hudsoniana unranked salicifolia",
        "authorship": "Thory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa hudsoniana unranked subcorymbosa",
        "authorship": "Thory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa hudsoniana var. plena",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa hudsoniana var. simplex",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa hudsonica",
        "authorship": "Thory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa humilis",
        "authorship": "Marshall"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa humilis",
        "authorship": "Besser"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa humilis unranked meldensis",
        "authorship": "Tratt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa humilis var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa humilis var. parviflora",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Koehne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa humilis var. plena",
        "authorship": "Best"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa humilis var. triloba",
        "authorship": "S.Watson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa humilis var. villosa",
        "authorship": "Best"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa lyonii",
        "authorship": "Pursh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa lyonii f. alba",
        "authorship": "Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa mexicana",
        "authorship": "S.Watson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa obovata",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa palmeri",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora unranked plena",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora var. clandestina",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora var. glabra",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora var. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora var. pectinata",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora var. pubera",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora var. setigera",
        "authorship": "Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa parviflora var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Crép."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pennsylvanica",
        "authorship": "Marshall"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pennsylvanica var. florepleno",
        "authorship": "Andrews"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pennsylvanica var. plena",
        "authorship": "Marshall"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa petiolata",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa pratensis",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
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        "name": "Rosa pratensis var. geminata",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
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        "name": "Rosa pusilla",
        "authorship": "Raf."
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        "name": "Rosa rafinesqueiana",
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        "name": "Rosa riparia",
        "authorship": "Raf."
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        "name": "Rosa riparia var. amoena",
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      },
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        "name": "Rosa rudiuscula",
        "authorship": "Greene"
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        "name": "Rosa serrulata",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
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        "name": "Rosa serrulata var. rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "Raf."
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        "name": "Rosa sprengeliana",
        "authorship": "Tratt."
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        "name": "Rosa subserrulata",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa texarkana",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa treleasei",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
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        "name": "Rosa virginiana subsp. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Marshall) C.K.Schneid."
      },
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        "name": "Rosa virginiana var. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "(Crép.) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rosa virginiana var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "(Baker) Farw."
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_carolina"
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        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GEO",
        "name": "Georgia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KAN",
        "name": "Kansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSI",
        "name": "Mississippi",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEB",
        "name": "Nebraska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NSC",
        "name": "Nova Scotia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SCA",
        "name": "South Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 808,
    "n_annotated": 1075,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      6,
      299,
      435,
      63,
      3,
      0,
      0,
      1,
      1
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      9,
      11,
      6,
      21,
      328,
      452,
      80,
      35,
      54,
      55,
      18,
      6
    ],
    "share": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0.2857,
      0.9116,
      0.9624,
      0.7875,
      0.0857,
      0,
      0,
      0.0556,
      0.1667
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0,
        0.2992
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2588
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3903
      ],
      [
        0.1381,
        0.4996
      ],
      [
        0.8759,
        0.9377
      ],
      [
        0.9406,
        0.9764
      ],
      [
        0.6858,
        0.8629
      ],
      [
        0.0296,
        0.2238
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0664
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0653
      ],
      [
        0.0099,
        0.2576
      ],
      [
        0.0301,
        0.5635
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 6,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 221,
      "by_month": [
        9,
        10,
        5,
        9,
        7,
        15,
        14,
        30,
        51,
        49,
        17,
        5
      ],
      "share": [
        1,
        0.9091,
        0.8333,
        0.4286,
        0.0213,
        0.0332,
        0.175,
        0.8571,
        0.9444,
        0.8909,
        0.9444,
        0.8333
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.7008,
          1
        ],
        [
          0.6226,
          0.9838
        ],
        [
          0.4365,
          0.9699
        ],
        [
          0.2447,
          0.6345
        ],
        [
          0.0104,
          0.0434
        ],
        [
          0.0202,
          0.054
        ],
        [
          0.1072,
          0.2726
        ],
        [
          0.7062,
          0.9374
        ],
        [
          0.8489,
          0.9809
        ],
        [
          0.7817,
          0.949
        ],
        [
          0.7424,
          0.9901
        ],
        [
          0.4365,
          0.9699
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 1
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "subshrub or shrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/rosa-carolina/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}