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  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
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    "wfo": "wfo-0001137171",
    "inat_taxon_id": 167803
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Rhinanthus major",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Rhinanthus",
    "epithet": "major",
    "family": "Orobanchaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Amoen. Acad. 3: 53 (1756)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77066909-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "European yellow rattle",
      "english": [
        "European yellow rattle"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
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    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus aestivalis",
        "authorship": "N.W.Zinger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus alectorolophus",
        "authorship": "Sterneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus angustifolius",
        "authorship": "D.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus apterus",
        "authorship": "(Fr.) Ostenf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus arenarius",
        "authorship": "Borbás ex Behrend. & Sterneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus aristatus",
        "authorship": "Gremli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus bosniacus",
        "authorship": "Behrendsen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus grandiflorus",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus heribaudii",
        "authorship": "(Chabert) Dörfl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus major",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus major var. alpestris",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus major var. angustifolius",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus major var. bosnensis",
        "authorship": "Behrendsen & Sterneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus montanus",
        "authorship": "(Saut.) Fritsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus serotinus",
        "authorship": "Schönh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus serotinus subsp. vernalis",
        "authorship": "(N.W.Zinger) Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Alectorolophus vernalis",
        "authorship": "N.W.Zinger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fistularia alectorolophus",
        "authorship": "Wettst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fistularia angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(C.C.Gmel.) Wettst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fistularia major",
        "authorship": "(L.) Wettst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fistularia pubescens",
        "authorship": "Wettst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fistularia serotina",
        "authorship": "(Schönh.) Wettst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus aestivalis",
        "authorship": "(N.W.Zinger) Schischk. & Serg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus alpestris",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus alpinus subsp. montanus",
        "authorship": "(Saut.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius",
        "authorship": "C.C.Gmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. apterus",
        "authorship": "(Fr.) Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. bosniacus",
        "authorship": "(Behrendsen) D.A.Webb"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus",
        "authorship": "D.A.Webb"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius var. aestivalis",
        "authorship": "(N.W.Zinger) E.Mayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius var. arenarius",
        "authorship": "(U.Schneid.) Hartl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius var. bosniacus",
        "authorship": "(Behrendsen) E.Mayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius var. lykae",
        "authorship": "(Soó) E.Mayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus angustifolius var. polycladus",
        "authorship": "(Chabert) E.Mayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus apterus",
        "authorship": "(Fr.) Ostenf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus bosnensis",
        "authorship": "(Behrendsen & Sterneck) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus bosnensis var. siculorum",
        "authorship": "(Soó) E.Mayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. angustifolius",
        "authorship": "(C.C.Gmel.) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus crista-galli var. hirsutus",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus crista-galli var. major",
        "authorship": "(L.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus crista-galli var. nemorosus",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus crista-galli var. villosus",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus cristatus",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus glaber subsp. montanus",
        "authorship": "(Saut.) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus glaber subsp. paludosus",
        "authorship": "(O.Schwarz) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus glaber var. major",
        "authorship": "(L.) Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus glaber var. paludosus",
        "authorship": "(O.Schwarz) Ronniger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus glaber var. serotinus",
        "authorship": "(Schönh.) Ronniger"
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      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus grandiflorus",
        "authorship": "Bluff"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus grandiflorus",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus grandiflorus subsp. angustifolius",
        "authorship": "(C.C.Gmel.) Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus grandiflorus subsp. bosniacus",
        "authorship": "(Behrendsen) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus grandiflorus subsp. major",
        "authorship": "(L.) Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus heribaudii",
        "authorship": "Chabert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus inflatus",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major f. serotinus",
        "authorship": "(Schönh.) Schönh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major subsp. aestivalis",
        "authorship": "(N.W.Zinger) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major subsp. apterus",
        "authorship": "(Fr.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major subsp. bosniacus",
        "authorship": "(Behrendsen) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major subsp. lykae",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major subsp. serotinus",
        "authorship": "(Schönh.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major var. angustifolius",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major var. polycladus",
        "authorship": "Chabert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus major var. serotinus",
        "authorship": "(Schönh.) Halácsy & Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus medius",
        "authorship": "Arv.-Touv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus minor var. alpinus",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus montanus",
        "authorship": "Saut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus paludosus",
        "authorship": "O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus reichenbachii",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus sachalinensis",
        "authorship": "Vassilcz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus",
        "authorship": "(Schönh.) Oborný"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus f. apterus",
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      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. aestivalis",
        "authorship": "(N.W.Zinger) Dostál"
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      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. angustifolius",
        "authorship": "(C.C.Gmel.) Dostál"
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. apterus",
        "authorship": "(Fr.) Schinz & Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. arenarius",
        "authorship": "U.Schneid."
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      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. asturicus",
        "authorship": "M.Laínz"
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        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. bosniacus",
        "authorship": "(Behrendsen) Soó"
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        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. lykae",
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        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. polycladus",
        "authorship": "(Chabert) Dostál"
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        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. vernalis",
        "authorship": "(N.W.Zinger) Hyl."
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        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus var. aestivalis",
        "authorship": "Janch. ex M.Mizianty"
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        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus var. major",
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        "name": "Rhinanthus serotinus var. polycladus",
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      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus szaboianus",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Soó"
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        "name": "Rhinanthus vernalis",
        "authorship": "(N.W.Zinger) Schischk. & Serg."
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      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus vernalis subsp. aestivalis",
        "authorship": "(N.W.Zinger) Ivanina"
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      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus villosus",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rhinanthus vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Gueldenst. ex Ledeb."
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      "TUE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTA",
        "name": "Chita",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVA",
        "name": "Tuva",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 343,
    "n_annotated": 363,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      2,
      31,
      99,
      129,
      68,
      13,
      1,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      1,
      0,
      0,
      2,
      32,
      104,
      135,
      73,
      13,
      3,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.9688,
      0.9519,
      0.9556,
      0.9315,
      1,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.8426,
        0.9945
      ],
      [
        0.8924,
        0.9793
      ],
      [
        0.9064,
        0.9795
      ],
      [
        0.8495,
        0.9704
      ],
      [
        0.7719,
        1
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 9,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 40,
      "by_month": [
        1,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        4,
        13,
        15,
        5,
        2,
        0,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0.0385,
        0.0963,
        0.2055,
        0.3846,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.1072
        ],
        [
          0.0151,
          0.0947
        ],
        [
          0.0571,
          0.1578
        ],
        [
          0.1287,
          0.3117
        ],
        [
          0.1771,
          0.6448
        ],
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "hemiparasitic annual",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": -0.5,
      "median": 4.7,
      "p95": 10.3
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 549.5,
      "median": 998.8,
      "p95": 1351.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18.1,
      "median": 22.6,
      "p95": 25.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -25.7,
      "median": -11.8,
      "p95": 0.5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 428.3,
      "median": 663.1,
      "p95": 1145.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 16.9,
      "median": 30.3,
      "p95": 82.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 31.4,
      "median": 103.7,
      "p95": 195.2
    },
    "n": 2025,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2025 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/rhinanthus-major/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}