{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/quercus-pubescens/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "quercus-pubescens",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000292685",
    "inat_taxon_id": 125849
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Quercus pubescens",
    "authorship": "Willd.",
    "genus": "Quercus",
    "epithet": "pubescens",
    "family": "Fagaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Berlin. Baumz. : 279 (1796)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Downy oak",
      "english": [
        "Downy oak",
        "Italian oak"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Eriodrys lanata",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus adjecta",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus admixta",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus aegilops",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus aegilops var. pendula",
        "authorship": "Neill"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus alba var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus ambigua",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Rochel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus amblyodes",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus amplifolia",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus amplissima",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus ampulleana",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus anatolica",
        "authorship": "O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus annexa",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus anxiosa",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus apennina",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus appenina",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus appenina subsp. amplifolia",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus aspera",
        "authorship": "Bosc"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus asperata",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus authemanii",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus bacunensis",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus banja",
        "authorship": "Endl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus bellojocensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus bertolonii",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brachyloba",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "Kotschy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brachyphylloides",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brandisii",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brevifolia",
        "authorship": "Kotschy ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brevipedunculata var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Cariot & St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brutiorum",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus buccarana",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus budayana",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex Heuff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus budensis",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus calabrica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus calcarea",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus catalaunica",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus cerris",
        "authorship": "Pall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus cerris var. crispata",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Hausskn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus chaberti",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus chymodon",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus chymophyllla",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus cistetorum",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus collina",
        "authorship": "Schleich. ex Endl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus conglomerata",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus conobalana",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus crassiuscula",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus crenifolia",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus crispata",
        "authorship": "Steven"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus croatica",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus cupaniana",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalechampii var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica f. biokovensis",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica f. fratris-marci",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica f. fratris-zorani",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica f. parathalassias",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica subsp. biokovensis",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica subsp. parathalassias",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica var. biokovensis",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica var. fratris-marci",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dalmatica var. fratris-zorani",
        "authorship": "Radic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus densifolia",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus derelicta",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus desiderabilis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus desiderabillis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dimidiens",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus diversifrons",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus drumensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus elegantula",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus erythrochlamys",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus erythrolepis",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus faginea",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus fallax",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus glareosa",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus grandis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus halophila",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus heterophylla",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus humilis",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus humilis f. globulosa",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus humilis f. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus humilis f. parviglandis",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus humilis f. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus humilis subsp. lanuginosa",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Franco & G.López"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus humilis subsp. subpyrenaica",
        "authorship": "(Villar) Rivas Mart., Báscones, T.E.Díaz, Fern.Gonz. & Loidi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus ilicifolia",
        "authorship": "Koord. & Valeton ex Seemen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus indifferens",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus inops",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus interruptella",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus isodes",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus jucunda",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus kovatsiana",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lacinifolia",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus laciniosa",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa",
        "authorship": "Thuill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa f. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Gavioli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa f. pichleri",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa subsp. brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Kotschy) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa subsp. brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Kotschy) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa subsp. crispata",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa subsp. crispata",
        "authorship": "(Steven) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa subsp. palensis",
        "authorship": "(Palassou) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. amplifolia",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Borzí"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. asperata",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. bacunensis",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. brachycarpa",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Kotschy) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. brandisii",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. brevicalyx",
        "authorship": "C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. budayana",
        "authorship": "(Haberle ex Heuff.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. conglomerata",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. croatica",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. cupaniana",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. dissecta",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. erythrolepis",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. faginea",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. globulosa",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. glomerata",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. gussonei",
        "authorship": "Borzí"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. heterophylla",
        "authorship": "Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. lacera",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. lacinifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. laciniosa",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. laciniosa",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. lamarckiana",
        "authorship": "Issler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Tod., Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. macrolepis",
        "authorship": "(Borzí) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. microbalanos",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Borzí"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. microlepis",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. montana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. oblongata",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Raddi) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Raddi) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. parviglandis",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Neill) L.H.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. polycarpa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. provincialis",
        "authorship": "A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. pusilla",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. rufa",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. sectifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. spicata",
        "authorship": "Tourlet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. stenolepis",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. stenophylla",
        "authorship": "C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. suberoides",
        "authorship": "(Debeaux) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. subspicata",
        "authorship": "A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. sulcata",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. tenorei",
        "authorship": "(A.DC.) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. tortulosa",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. undulata",
        "authorship": "(Kit.) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. virgiliana",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus leucoclada",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus ligustica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus litiginosa",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus litigiosa",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus litorea",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus macrobalana",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus macrostipulata",
        "authorship": "Guss. ex Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus magistri",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus maritima",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus mediterranea",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus megalobos",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus megas",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus memorabilis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus menesiensis",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus meridionalis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus messanensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus microbalanos",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus microlepis",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus minor",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus moravica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus nebulosa",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus nitidula",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus oblongata",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus obtenta",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus obtusissima",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus obtusiuscula",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus oxybalanos",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus paillotii",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus palensis",
        "authorship": "Palassou"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus partita",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus paucicrenata",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pedunculata var. dulcis",
        "authorship": "Bechst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus phthiotica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pichleri",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pinnatifida",
        "authorship": "C.C.Gmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pinnatifida var. dissecta",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pinnatifida var. parviglandis",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus platychlamys",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus polyloba",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus provincialis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pseudoaegilops",
        "authorship": "Petz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pseudoaegilopsis",
        "authorship": "G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pseudoaegilopsis var. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Neill) Petz. & G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens f. brandisii",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens f. crispata",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Medw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens f. rostrata",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens f. schulzei",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens subsp. anatolica",
        "authorship": "O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens subsp. lanuginosa",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens subsp. palensis",
        "authorship": "(Palassou) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens subsp. subpyrenaica",
        "authorship": "(Villar) Govaerts"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens subsp. undulata",
        "authorship": "O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. erythrolepis",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. globulosa",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. glomerata",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Mouill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. incisa",
        "authorship": "Martrin-Donos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. intermedia",
        "authorship": "(Berang.) Vis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. lacera",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) F.M.Vázquez, S.Ramos & S.García"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Raddi) Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Neill) H.Jaeger & Beissn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. tortulosa",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pulchella",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pungens",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pusilla",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus quadrans",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus quaesita",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus recondita",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus redux",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. brachycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Borzí"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Kotschy) A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. glomerata",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. intermedia",
        "authorship": "Berang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. lanuginosa",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. macrolepis",
        "authorship": "Borzí"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. pinnatifida",
        "authorship": "(C.C.Gmel.) Borzí"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Bonnier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. sicula",
        "authorship": "(Gand.) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. tenorei",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. virgiliana",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus romanica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus rufa",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sancta",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sauteri",
        "authorship": "Dalla Torre & Sarnth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus schulzei",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sectifolia",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus serbica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. acutiloba",
        "authorship": "Svent."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora subsp. lanuginosa",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Celak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora subsp. virgiliana",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Kotschy) Raulin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. cupaniana",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. laciniosa",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. montana",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. oblongata",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. oxyacanthifollia",
        "authorship": "Martrin-Donos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. suberoides",
        "authorship": "Debeaux"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. barbulata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sicula",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus slavica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus stenobalanos",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus stenocarpa",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus stenodes",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus stenolepis",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus streimii var. pachytricha",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus subgrisea",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus subpyrenaica",
        "authorship": "Villar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus subspicata",
        "authorship": "(A.Camus) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sulcata",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus susedana",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus susedana",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus taurinensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus tauscheri",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus tenorei",
        "authorship": "(A.DC.) Borzí"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus tenuis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus terminaloides",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus todaroi",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus tommasini",
        "authorship": "Kotschy ex Vis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus tomoclada",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus torulosa",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus torulosa var. granulata",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus tremens",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus trinacria",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus tyrolensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus uberta",
        "authorship": "Gand."
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      {
        "name": "Quercus undulata",
        "authorship": "Kit."
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      {
        "name": "Quercus undulatidens",
        "authorship": "Gand."
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      {
        "name": "Quercus valida",
        "authorship": "Gand."
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      {
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      {
        "name": "Quercus vergens",
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      {
        "name": "Quercus vernixia",
        "authorship": "Gand."
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      {
        "name": "Quercus vinealis",
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      {
        "name": "Quercus virgiliana",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Ten."
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      {
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      {
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        "authorship": "Mátyás"
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      {
        "name": "Quercus virgiliana var. tenorei",
        "authorship": "(A.DC.) O.Schwarz"
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      {
        "name": "Quercus vukotinocicii",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
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      {
        "name": "Quercus vukotinovicii",
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        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 30,
    "n_annotated": 306,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      1,
      22,
      5,
      0,
      1,
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      12,
      12,
      5,
      50,
      31,
      19,
      35,
      38,
      38,
      39,
      20,
      7
    ],
    "share": [
      0,
      0,
      0.2,
      0.44,
      0.1613,
      0,
      0.0286,
      0.0263,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0,
        0.2425
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2425
      ],
      [
        0.0362,
        0.6245
      ],
      [
        0.3116,
        0.5769
      ],
      [
        0.0709,
        0.3263
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1682
      ],
      [
        0.0051,
        0.1453
      ],
      [
        0.0047,
        0.135
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0918
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0897
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1611
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3543
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 4,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 119,
      "by_month": [
        2,
        0,
        0,
        1,
        2,
        5,
        16,
        25,
        26,
        31,
        9,
        2
      ],
      "share": [
        0.1667,
        0,
        0,
        0.02,
        0.0645,
        0.2632,
        0.4571,
        0.6579,
        0.6842,
        0.7949,
        0.45,
        0.2857
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.047,
          0.448
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.2425
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.4345
        ],
        [
          0.0035,
          0.105
        ],
        [
          0.0179,
          0.2072
        ],
        [
          0.1181,
          0.4879
        ],
        [
          0.3047,
          0.6181
        ],
        [
          0.4989,
          0.7879
        ],
        [
          0.5254,
          0.8092
        ],
        [
          0.6447,
          0.8922
        ],
        [
          0.2582,
          0.6579
        ],
        [
          0.0822,
          0.6411
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 10
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 9.2,
      "median": 12.8,
      "p95": 16.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 523.6,
      "median": 664.2,
      "p95": 777
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.5,
      "median": 26.4,
      "p95": 29.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -4.5,
      "median": 0.3,
      "p95": 6.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 566.4,
      "median": 842.6,
      "p95": 1562.8
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 17.5,
      "median": 29.9,
      "p95": 52.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 60.1,
      "median": 136.9,
      "p95": 243.9
    },
    "n": 1937,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1937 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": true
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/quercus-pubescens/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}