{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/quercus-petraea/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "quercus-petraea",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000292459",
    "inat_taxon_id": 200942
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Quercus petraea",
    "authorship": "(Matt.) Liebl.",
    "genus": "Quercus",
    "epithet": "petraea",
    "family": "Fagaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Fuld. : 403 (1784)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Sessile Oak",
      "english": [
        "Sessile Oak",
        "durmast oak",
        "sessile oak, durmast oak"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Quercus abietum",
        "authorship": "Kotschy ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus adriatica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus anglica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus approximata",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus arnasensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus arrecta",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus attenuata",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus ballica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus borealis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brachylobus",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brevipedunculata",
        "authorship": "Cariot & St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus brumalis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus calcarea",
        "authorship": "Troitsky"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus calcicola",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus cedrorum",
        "authorship": "Kotschy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus colchica",
        "authorship": "Czeczott"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus collivaga",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus columbaria",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus conformis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus coriacea",
        "authorship": "Bechst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus coriascens",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus coronensis",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus decipiens",
        "authorship": "Behlen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dispar",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus druidica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dshorochensis",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dshorochensis var. liwanensis",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus dumetorum",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus durinus",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus eboracensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus eminens",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus erythroneura",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus esculus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus gallica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus glaucina",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus gothica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus granitica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus huguetiana",
        "authorship": "(Franco & G.López) Rivas Mart. & Sáenz de Rivas"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus hypochrysa",
        "authorship": "Steven"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus hypoleuca",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus ibicis",
        "authorship": "Kotschy ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus imponens",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus jactata",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus juncta",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus juvenilis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus kochiana",
        "authorship": "O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus kozlowskyi",
        "authorship": "Woronow ex Grossh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lamprophyllos",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanciloba",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa subsp. medwediewii",
        "authorship": "A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lanuginosa var. australis",
        "authorship": "Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus latifida",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus lephrella",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus limitanea",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus longiaristata",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus longipetiolata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus marmarophila",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus mas",
        "authorship": "Thore ex O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus mediocris",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus mespilifolia",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus moderata",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus oblita",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus ovalis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pedunculata f. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pedunculata f. brevipedunculata",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pedunculata f. longipedunculata",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pedunculata f. subocculata",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus peraffinis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petiolata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. angulata",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. emarginata",
        "authorship": "C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. globosa",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. grandedentata",
        "authorship": "Brujic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. heuffelii",
        "authorship": "Mátyás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. lobulosa",
        "authorship": "(O.Schwarz) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Vuk. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. microbalanos",
        "authorship": "(Bor.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Cristurean"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. minima",
        "authorship": "Cristurean"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. pinnata",
        "authorship": "(C.K.Schneid.) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. platyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea f. salicifolia",
        "authorship": "Brujic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea subsp. dshorochensis",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Menitsky"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea subsp. mas",
        "authorship": "(Thore) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea subsp. medwediewii",
        "authorship": "(A.Camus) Menitsky"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea var. laciniata",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea var. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Vuk. ex Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea var. mespilifolia",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Geerinck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus petraea var. platyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) C.Vicioso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pinnatiloba",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus polycarpa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus proximellla",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubens",
        "authorship": "Kotschy ex Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus pubescens var. iberica",
        "authorship": "(Steven ex M.Bieb.) Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus regalis",
        "authorship": "Burnet ex Endl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus remotiuscula",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus rhodopea",
        "authorship": "Velen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur subsp. sessiliflora",
        "authorship": "(Salisb.) A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. buhseana",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. bullata",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. cedrorum",
        "authorship": "(Kotschy) A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. communis",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. dshorochensis",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. laciniata",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. mespilifolia",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. petraea",
        "authorship": "Matt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. platyphylla",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. sessiliflora",
        "authorship": "(Salisb.) Wahlb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. sessilis",
        "authorship": "Martyn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus robur var. welandii",
        "authorship": "Heuff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sarcolepis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. angulata",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. bolleana",
        "authorship": "Asch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. castanoides",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. crassifolia",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. iberica",
        "authorship": "(Steven ex M.Bieb.) Ledeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. lobulata",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. pinnata",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora f. undulata",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora subsp. polycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. angustata",
        "authorship": "Zapal."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. cedrorum",
        "authorship": "(Kotschy) Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. coriacea",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. decipiens",
        "authorship": "Bechst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. dshorochensis",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Medw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. fruticosa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. glabra",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. globosa",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. longicarpa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. longifolia",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. pinnatifida",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. pinnatipartita",
        "authorship": "Medw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. platyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. sphaerocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. sublobata",
        "authorship": "(Kit.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. subtubulosa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessiliflora var. tschorochensis",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis f. pinnatifida",
        "authorship": "Medw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis f. sublobata",
        "authorship": "(Kit.) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. acutiloba",
        "authorship": "Olson ex A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. angulata",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. columbaria",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. coronensis",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. decipiens",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. erythroneura",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. fruticosa",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. globosa",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. laciniata",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. longicarpa",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. longifolia",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. longipedunculata",
        "authorship": "Moss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. louettei",
        "authorship": "Petz. & G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. mespilifolia",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Koehne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. microbalana",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. microbalanos",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. pendula",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. petiolata",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. platyphylla",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. puigi",
        "authorship": "Sennen ex A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. spathulifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. sphaerocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. sphaerocarpa",
        "authorship": "Moss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. stenophylla",
        "authorship": "Zabel ex A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. sublobata",
        "authorship": "(Kit.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. subtubulosa",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sessilis var. undulata",
        "authorship": "(Vuk.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus slavorum",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus spatulaefolia",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sphaerocarpa",
        "authorship": "Vuk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus strangulata",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus subalpina",
        "authorship": "Kotschy ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sublobata",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus sublobata var. sublobata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus suecica",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus talenceana",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus tergestina",
        "authorship": "Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus wahusiensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quercus zagrabiensis",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_petraea"
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        "attribution": "Christian Berg, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "attribution": "Susan Marley, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
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      "LBS",
      "NCS",
      "TCS",
      "TUR",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
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      "IRE",
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      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "ROM",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
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      "UKR"
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    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 6,
    "n_annotated": 283,
    "sufficient": false,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 145,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        1,
        1,
        0,
        0,
        3,
        21,
        44,
        46,
        25,
        1,
        3
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        0.1111,
        0,
        0,
        0.125,
        0.6364,
        0.7857,
        0.7797,
        0.6098,
        0.0909,
        0.4286
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.0199,
          0.435
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.2425
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1332
        ],
        [
          0.0434,
          0.31
        ],
        [
          0.4662,
          0.7781
        ],
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          0.6618,
          0.8729
        ],
        [
          0.6587,
          0.8665
        ],
        [
          0.4573,
          0.7434
        ],
        [
          0.0162,
          0.3774
        ],
        [
          0.1582,
          0.7495
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 7.7,
      "median": 9.5,
      "p95": 12.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 358.4,
      "median": 634.2,
      "p95": 773.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 17.5,
      "median": 22.5,
      "p95": 26.4
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -6.1,
      "median": -1.7,
      "p95": 3.5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 554.4,
      "median": 836.7,
      "p95": 1765.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.2,
      "median": 23.9,
      "p95": 44.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 88.2,
      "median": 158.7,
      "p95": 303.4
    },
    "n": 1993,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1993 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 6 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/quercus-petraea/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}