Quercus ilexL.

Holm oak

WFO wfo-0000291202 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY

Plate 1 figs. a–h

Quercus ilex, photographed by Stephen James McWilliam
fig. a Stephen James McWilliam, CC0 1.0 / 2022-05-13 / obs. 197323423
Quercus ilex, photographed by Zeke Marshall
fig. b Zeke Marshall, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 196804220
Quercus ilex, photographed by pavlaki1968
fig. c pavlaki1968, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 197278116
Quercus ilex, photographed by Zeke Marshall
fig. d Zeke Marshall, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 196805105
Quercus ilex, photographed by Susan Marley
fig. e Susan Marley, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 194450169
Quercus ilex, photographed by Jon Mortin
fig. f Jon Mortin, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 194310885
Quercus ilex, photographed by Daniel Cahen
fig. g Daniel Cahen, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 192832394
Quercus ilex, photographed by Matthew Vosper
fig. h Matthew Vosper, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 193469239

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Flowering n = 168 observations

Peak flowering in May, from 168 community-annotated observations worldwide. This is a global aggregate, not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres, and citizen-science records cluster near cities, at weekends, and in spring. Where a species has fewer than 30 annotated records we do not draw this chart at all.

Also published as 113 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Quercus alpina Endl.
  • Quercus ballota var. grandifolia Colmeiro
  • Quercus ballota var. obovatifolia Colmeiro
  • Quercus bellota Colmeiro & Boutel.
  • Quercus castellana Poir.
  • Quercus crispa hort. ex K.Koch
  • Quercus cyclophylla Welw. ex Nyman
  • Quercus expansa Poir.
  • Quercus fagifolia hort. ex K.Koch
  • Quercus fordii Carrière
  • Quercus glauca Martrin-Donos & Timb.-Lagr.
  • Quercus gracilis Lange
  • Quercus gramuntia L.
  • Quercus ilex f. ambigua (Albert) C.Vicioso
  • Quercus ilex f. microphylla Trab.
  • Quercus ilex f. obesa (Albert) F.M.Vázquez
  • Quercus ilex f. stenocarpa (Albert) F.M.Vázquez
  • Quercus ilex f. urceolata (Martrin-Donos & Timb.-Lagr.) F.M.Vázquez
  • Quercus ilex f. vulgaris Cout.
  • Quercus ilex subsp. gracilis (Lange) Rivas Mart. & Sáenz de Rivas
  • Quercus ilex subsp. montserratensis Svent. & Marcet
  • Quercus ilex subsp. refugiorum Radic
  • Quercus ilex var. ambigua Albert
  • Quercus ilex var. angustifolia Lam.

and 89 more.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice, no toxicity claim and no native range, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.