{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/pyrus-communis/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "pyrus-communis",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001015799",
    "inat_taxon_id": 63951
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Pyrus communis",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Pyrus",
    "epithet": "communis",
    "family": "Rosaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30065762-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Common Pear",
      "english": [
        "Common Pear",
        "European Pear",
        "European pear",
        "Pear",
        "common pear",
        "pear",
        "wild pear"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Crataegus excelsa",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Malus communis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrenia pyrus",
        "authorship": "Clairv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras",
        "authorship": "Gaertn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras f. ambigua",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras f. communis",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras f. depressa",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras f. medioxima",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras f. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras f. ovalis",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras f. platycarpa",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras subsp. pyraster",
        "authorship": "(L.) Wallr. ex Rothm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus achras var. pyraster",
        "authorship": "(L.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus aestivalis",
        "authorship": "Lamotte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus ambrosiaca",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea",
        "authorship": "Domin ex Dostalek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked attenuata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked compressa",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked costata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked dominii",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked heterocarpa",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked latifolia",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked limoniformis",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked longepetiolata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus amphigenea unranked stenophylla",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus anglica",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus anglica",
        "authorship": "Druce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus anglica unranked brumalis",
        "authorship": "Poit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus aurantium",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus aurantium unranked rubrum",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus autumnalis f. aestivalis",
        "authorship": "(Siebold) Koidz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus balansae",
        "authorship": "Decne."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus boraeana",
        "authorship": "(Rouy & E.G.Camus) A.W.Hill"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus brachypoda",
        "authorship": "A.Kern. ex Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus caucasica",
        "authorship": "Fed."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus caucasica var. schuntukensis",
        "authorship": "Tuz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus cerasocarpa",
        "authorship": "Morog."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. achras",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. aurantiaca",
        "authorship": "Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. butyracea",
        "authorship": "Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. duriuscula",
        "authorship": "Dierb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. elongata",
        "authorship": "Nyár."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. gigantea",
        "authorship": "Dierb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. intermedia",
        "authorship": "Dierb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. longicaulis",
        "authorship": "Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. majoricarpa",
        "authorship": "Nyár."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. mollia",
        "authorship": "Dierb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. nana",
        "authorship": "Dierb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. obesa",
        "authorship": "Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. pseudocydonia",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. serotina",
        "authorship": "Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. slovenica",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. typica",
        "authorship": "Nyár."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. variegata",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis f. variegata",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis lus. tricolor",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis prol. achras",
        "authorship": "Gaertn. ex Bonnier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis prol. boraeana",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis prol. brachypoda",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern. ex Wenz.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis prol. cultrensis",
        "authorship": "(Godr.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis prol. pyraster",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis prol. sativa",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. achras",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Syme"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. australeuropaea",
        "authorship": "Tuz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. boraeana",
        "authorship": "(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Tourlet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. domestica",
        "authorship": "(Borkh.) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. medioasiatica",
        "authorship": "Tuz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. orientaleuropaea",
        "authorship": "Tuz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster",
        "authorship": "(L.) Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. sativa",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. sylvestris",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subsp. transcaucasica",
        "authorship": "Tuz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subvar. aestivalis",
        "authorship": "(Lamotte) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subvar. mespilocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Morog.) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis subvar. tardevieta",
        "authorship": "(Lamotte) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis unranked domestica",
        "authorship": "Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis unranked glabra",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis unranked glabra",
        "authorship": "Maly"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis unranked tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. achras",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. aestivalis",
        "authorship": "Siebold"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. asperma",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. azarifolia",
        "authorship": "Durieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. azarolifera",
        "authorship": "Durieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. boyon",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. brachypoda",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern. ex Wenz.) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. brevipes",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. brevipetiolata",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. cerasocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Morog.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. corallina",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. cucurbitacea",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. cultrensis",
        "authorship": "(Godr.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. depressa",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. deseglisei",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. desvauxii",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. dispar",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. domestica",
        "authorship": "(Borkh.) Lej. & Courtois"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. elliptica",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. eupiraster",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. fallaciosa",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. fascicularis",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. fastigiata",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. folimancensis",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. gillotii",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. glabra",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. globularis",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. grisea",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. hortensis",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. immatura",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. incrassata",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. inermis",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. lagenaria",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. latifrons",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. linearis",
        "authorship": "J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. longicaudis",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. longipetiolata",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. medioxima",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. mespilocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Morog.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. monstrosa",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. nana",
        "authorship": "(Dierb.) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. ovalis",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. pendula",
        "authorship": "J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. platycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. plena",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. pompejana",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. praecox",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. pseudocydonia",
        "authorship": "(Kuntze) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. pulchella",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. pyraster",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. quercifolia",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. rotundata",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. sabauda",
        "authorship": "Decne."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. sabonia",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. salerna",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. sativa",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. savonia",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. serrata",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. sinensis",
        "authorship": "Wenz. ex Koidz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. slovenica",
        "authorship": "(Domin) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. striata",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. subrotundata",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. sylvestris",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. tomentosa",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. trilobata",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. turbinata",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. variegata",
        "authorship": "(Kuntze) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. variegata",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. vittata",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. volema",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus communis var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus cultrensis",
        "authorship": "Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus domestica",
        "authorship": "(Borkh.) Medik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus karpatiana",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus karpatiana unranked pseudopyraster",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus magyarica",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus mespilocarpa",
        "authorship": "Morog."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus moschata",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus moschata unranked regalis",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus nivalis",
        "authorship": "Jáv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus papulata",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pompeiana",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pompeiana unranked aestiva",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pompeiana unranked moschata",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster",
        "authorship": "(L.) Burgsd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. achras",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. acuminata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. applanata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. armeniacifolia",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. assimilis",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. borbasiana",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. budensis",
        "authorship": "(Pénzes) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. cardiaca",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. cerasocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Morog.) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. cordifolia",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. curtipes",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. dentata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. depressa",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. deseglisei",
        "authorship": "(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. dispar",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. elliptica",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. elongata",
        "authorship": "(Nyár.) Buia"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. folimancensis",
        "authorship": "(Domin) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "(Domin) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. incrassata",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. kitaibeliana",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. lagenaria",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. longicaulis",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. longipedicellata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. majoricarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nyár.) Buia"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. medioxima",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. mespilocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Morog.) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. molnarii",
        "authorship": "(Pénzes) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. ovalis",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. platycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Gillot) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. populifolia",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. priszteriana",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. pseudobrachypoda",
        "authorship": "(Pénzes) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. pyrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. rhomoidea",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. rotundata",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. sericea",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. serrata",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. serratifolia",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. slovenica",
        "authorship": "(Domin) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. spathulata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. typica",
        "authorship": "(Nyár.) Buia"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. vertesensis",
        "authorship": "(Pénzes) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Gillot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster f. zolyomii",
        "authorship": "(Pénzes) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster subsp. achras",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Stohr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster subsp. achras",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. achras",
        "authorship": "(Gaertn.) Cinovskis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. brachypoda",
        "authorship": "(A.Kern. ex Wenz.) Jáv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. brevipes",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. budensis",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. elongata",
        "authorship": "(Nyár.) Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. gayeriana",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. hemisphaerica",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. hungarica",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. javorkae",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. molnarii",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. nyaradyana",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. ovata",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. penzesiana",
        "authorship": "Terpó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. pseudobrachypoda",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. relicta",
        "authorship": "Dostálek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. rossica",
        "authorship": "(A.D.Danilov) Tuz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. tomentosa",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch) Dostálek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. vertesensis",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus pyraster var. zolyomii",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus rossica",
        "authorship": "A.D.Danilov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus salviati",
        "authorship": "Poit. & Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus sativa",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus sativa",
        "authorship": "(Duhamel ex DC.) Holandre"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pyrus tardevieta",
        "authorship": "Lamotte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sorbus pyrus",
        "authorship": "Crantz"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrus_communis"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 414,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 205692954,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Марина Садыкова",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/marina_sad",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b052c3be-5985-46c8-adbb-c6f71438cb25",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-12",
        "lat": 54.546,
        "lon": 38.463,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 684
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205692954/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205692954/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205692954/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/205692954/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Марина Садыкова, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 201843445,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Eugene Popov",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/epopov",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/547a6450-c15c-479b-882c-6bfc49a4290e",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-30",
        "lat": 56.645,
        "lon": 29.917,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201843445/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201843445/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201843445/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201843445/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Eugene Popov, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 201673476,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Anastasia_Surkova",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/anastasia_surkova",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9c66deab-3a8c-4bb9-a9ae-4b05caedf4f0",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-29",
        "lat": 55.325,
        "lon": 38.669,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 861
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201673476/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201673476/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201673476/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201673476/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Anastasia_Surkova, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 198043530,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Pavel Smirnov",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/psmirnov",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3510a1c4-2470-40a8-99b2-5f2f30d0b70b",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-16",
        "lat": 55.678,
        "lon": 37.562,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 576
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198043530/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198043530/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198043530/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198043530/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Pavel Smirnov, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197081112,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Radosław Puchałka",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/radoslawpuchalka",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1f47cb46-bdcd-4a3e-9690-920c11dc545e",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-09",
        "lat": 53.111,
        "lon": 19.148,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197081112/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197081112/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197081112/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197081112/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Radosław Puchałka, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 195416598,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Branislav Tej",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/branislavtej",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b3da39a5-6bd3-4395-8865-1ac4e5beb933",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-06",
        "lat": 48.171,
        "lon": 19.857,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195416598/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195416598/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195416598/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195416598/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Branislav Tej, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197087803,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Radosław Puchałka",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/radoslawpuchalka",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ca11b58d-cb25-4850-9509-62cfc0ec36a1",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-06",
        "lat": 53.025,
        "lon": 18.569,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197087803/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197087803/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197087803/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197087803/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Radosław Puchałka, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 194838606,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "aga_l_",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/aga_l_",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45bd3540-bb99-41eb-94ba-2753fe2f2abe",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-04",
        "lat": 50.55,
        "lon": 23.203,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194838606/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194838606/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194838606/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194838606/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "aga_l_, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "IRQ",
      "NCS",
      "TCS",
      "TUR",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "RUE",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ITA",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "POL",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 135,
    "n_annotated": 435,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      9,
      83,
      37,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      2,
      4,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      17,
      112,
      80,
      42,
      51,
      54,
      38,
      30,
      8,
      3
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      0.5294,
      0.7411,
      0.4625,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0.0526,
      0.1333,
      0,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.3096,
        0.7384
      ],
      [
        0.6529,
        0.8132
      ],
      [
        0.3575,
        0.571
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0838
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.07
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0664
      ],
      [
        0.0146,
        0.1729
      ],
      [
        0.0531,
        0.2968
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3244
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 4,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 189,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        5,
        5,
        22,
        29,
        40,
        41,
        28,
        12,
        4,
        3
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        0.2941,
        0.0446,
        0.275,
        0.6905,
        0.7843,
        0.7593,
        0.7368,
        0.4,
        0.5,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.1328,
          0.5313
        ],
        [
          0.0192,
          0.1003
        ],
        [
          0.1892,
          0.3814
        ],
        [
          0.5397,
          0.8093
        ],
        [
          0.6537,
          0.8751
        ],
        [
          0.6305,
          0.8536
        ],
        [
          0.5799,
          0.8503
        ],
        [
          0.2459,
          0.5768
        ],
        [
          0.2152,
          0.7848
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 7
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/pyrus-communis/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}